{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:22:20Z","timestamp":1791397340417,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":217,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic multifactorial inflammatory disorders including two major entities: Crohn\u2019s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Preliminary evidence suggests that patients with IBD may be at increased risk of developing intestinal and extraintestinal cancers (EICs). Actually, little is known about the association between IBD and EICs, and there is ever-growing concern regarding the safety of immunomodulators and biological therapy, which may represent a risk factor for carcinogenesis. Aims: The aim of this review is to summarize the evidence regarding the association between IBD and EICs, the safety of immunomodulators and biological therapy and the management of immunomodulators and biologic agents in IBD patients with prior or current EICs. Results: IBD patients have a higher risk of developing different forms of extraintestinal solid organ tumors and hematological malignancies. Immunomodulators and biological therapy may increase the risk of developing some types of EICs and may be consciously used in patients with IBD and current or prior history of malignancy. Conclusions: Decisions regarding the use of immunomodulators or biological therapies should be made on an individual basis, considering a multidisciplinary approach involving oncologists.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15153824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T02:08:00Z","timestamp":1690510080000},"page":"3824","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Extraintestinal Cancers in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Massano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Bertin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1133-1502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana","family":"Zingone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Buda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Gastrointestinal Oncological Surgery, S. Maria del Prato Hospital, 32032 Feltre, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6985-5301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierfrancesco","family":"Visaggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8653-1790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Bertani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1995-1060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"de Bortoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6515-5482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Fassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35138 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0217-6523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Scarpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35138 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7535-6595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesare","family":"Ruffolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35138 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5873-5833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imerio","family":"Angriman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35138 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Bezzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBD Center, Gastroenterology Unit, Rho Hospital, ASST Rhodense, 20017 Rho, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Casini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, ASST Bergamo Est, 24068 Seriate, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9421-3087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide Giuseppe","family":"Ribaldone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3187-2894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edoardo Vincenzo","family":"Savarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigida","family":"Barberio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.186","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of IBD: Current State of the Art","volume":"13","author":"Fiocchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30333-4","article-title":"The Global, Regional, and National Burden of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in 195 Countries and Territories, 1990\u20132017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"5","author":"Alatab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-030409-101225","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"28","author":"Kaser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Actis, G.C., Pellicano, R., Fagoonee, S., and Ribaldone, D.G. (2019). History f Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8111970"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.08.032","article-title":"Prevalence of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"161","author":"Barberio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2023.01.071","article-title":"Myocarditis and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Single-Center Experience and a Systematic Literature Review","volume":"376","author":"Giordani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"4794","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Cancer: The Role of Inflammation, Immunosuppression, and Cancer Treatment","volume":"22","author":"Axelrad","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marabotto, E., Kayali, S., Buccilli, S., Levo, F., Bodini, G., Giannini, E.G., Savarino, V., and Savarino, E.V. (2022). Colorectal Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Epidemiology and Prevention: A Review. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14174254"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab217","article-title":"Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An ECCO CONFER Multicentre Case Series","volume":"16","author":"Festa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjac187","article-title":"ECCO Guidelines on Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Malignancies","volume":"17","author":"Gordon","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000286","article-title":"Risk of Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Going up, Going down, or Still the Same?","volume":"32","author":"Garg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1159\/000509544","article-title":"Malignancies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"101","author":"Greuter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laredo, V., Garc\u00eda-Mateo, S., Mart\u00ednez-Dom\u00ednguez, S.J., L\u00f3pez de la Cruz, J., Gargallo-Puyuelo, C.J., and Gomoll\u00f3n, F. (2023). Risk of Cancer in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Keys for Patient Management. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15030871"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v13.i12.1956","article-title":"Solid Extraintestinal Malignancies in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"13","author":"Mala","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.760","article-title":"Risk of Extra-Intestinal Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Meta-Analysis of Population-Based Cohort Studies","volume":"105","author":"Pedersen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1117","article-title":"The Risk of Extraintestinal Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Population-Based Cohort Studies","volume":"19","author":"Lo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Off. Clin. Pract. J. Am. Gastroenterol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19910401)67:7<2015::AID-CNCR2820670731>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Extracolonic Malignancies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"67","author":"Ekbom","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90807-9","article-title":"Crohn\u2019s Disease and Cancer: A Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"107","author":"Persson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910600309","article-title":"Cancer in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"60","author":"Mellemkjaer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(20010215)91:4<854::AID-CNCR1073>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Cancer Risk in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Population-Based Study","volume":"91","author":"Bernstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2004.01858.x","article-title":"Intestinal and Extra-Intestinal Cancer in Crohn\u2019s Disease: Follow-up of a Population-Based Cohort in Copenhagen County, Denmark","volume":"19","author":"Jess","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6167","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i38.6167","article-title":"Abnormalities of Uterine Cervix in Women with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"12","author":"Bhatia","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol. WJG"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23666","article-title":"Cancer Risks in Ulcerative Colitis Patients","volume":"123","author":"Hemminki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdn595","article-title":"Cancer Risks in Crohn Disease Patients","volume":"20","author":"Hemminki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol. Off. J. Eur. Soc. Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.10.021","article-title":"Risk of Cervical Abnormalities in Women with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Population-Based Nested Case-Control Study","volume":"136","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-009-9365-4","article-title":"Incidence and Prognosis of Cholangiocarcinoma in Danish Patients with and without Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A National Cohort Study, 1978\u20132003","volume":"24","author":"Erichsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20959","article-title":"Lack of Association between Cervical Dysplasia and IBD: A Large Case-Control Study","volume":"15","author":"Lees","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.05.004","article-title":"Risk of Melanoma and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer among Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"143","author":"Long","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2013.846402","article-title":"Malignancies in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Nationwide Register Study in Finland","volume":"48","author":"Jussila","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.249","article-title":"Cancer Risk in Inflammatory Bowel Disease According to Patient Phenotype and Treatment: A Danish Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"108","author":"Jess","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"265","article-title":"Risk of Cancer in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study with 30 Years of Follow-up Evaluation","volume":"12","author":"Kappelman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Off. Clin. Pract. J. Am. Gastroenterol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"693","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Cervical Neoplasia: A Population-Based Nationwide Cohort Study","volume":"13","author":"Rungoe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Off. Clin. Pract. J. Am. Gastroenterol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204993","article-title":"Risk of High-Grade Cervical Dysplasia and Cervical Cancer in Women with Systemic Inflammatory Diseases: A Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"74","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30183","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Cancer and Medication: Cancer Risk in the Dutch Population-Based IBDSL Cohort","volume":"139","author":"Wintjens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-016-1199-8","article-title":"A Population-Based Study Examining the Risk of Malignancy in Patients Diagnosed with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"51","author":"Wilson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000447259","article-title":"Malignancies in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Single-Centre Experience","volume":"94","author":"Madanchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2902","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000963","article-title":"Crohn\u2019s Disease Is Associated with the Risk for Thyroid Cancer","volume":"22","author":"Wadhwa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"571","article-title":"Malignancies in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Results from 20 Years of Follow-up in the IBSEN Study","volume":"11","author":"Hovde","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000001240","article-title":"Cancer Risk in 2621 Chinese Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"23","author":"So","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx040","article-title":"Cancer Risk in the Early Stages of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Korean Patients: A Nationwide Population-Based Study","volume":"11","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izx046","article-title":"Incidence of Colorectal Cancer and Extracolonic Cancers in Veteran Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"24","author":"Mosher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjz058","article-title":"Risk of Malignant Cancers in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"13","author":"Loo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.11.039","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease and the Risk of Prostate Cancer","volume":"75","author":"Burns","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taborelli, M., Sozzi, M., Del Zotto, S., Toffolutti, F., Montico, M., Zanier, L., and Serraino, D. (2020). Risk of Intestinal and Extra-Intestinal Cancers in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Northeastern Italy. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235142"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15785","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pancreatic Cancer: A Scandinavian Register-Based Cohort Study 1969\u20132017","volume":"52","author":"Everhov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788980","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.788980","article-title":"The Incidence Rate and Risk Factors of Malignancy in Elderly-Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Chinese Cohort Study From 1998 to 2020","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab036","article-title":"Increased Risk of High-Grade Cervical Neoplasia in Women with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Case-Controlled Cohort Study","volume":"15","author":"Goetgebuer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pkab096","DOI":"10.1093\/jncics\/pkab096","article-title":"Associations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Subsequent Cancers in a Population-Based Study of Older Adults in the United States","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"JNCI Cancer Spectr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3477","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2014.15.8.3477","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Risk of Cholangiocarcinoma: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis of Population-Based Studies","volume":"15","author":"Huai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. APJCP"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.049","article-title":"Effects of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis on Risks of Cancer and Death in People with Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Based on Sex, Race, and Age","volume":"159","author":"Trivedi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34235","article-title":"Autoimmune Conditions and Pancreatic Cancer Risk in Older American Adults","volume":"152","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clcc.2017.06.009","article-title":"Intestinal and Extraintestinal Cancers Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"17","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Colorectal Cancer"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-023-04465-y","article-title":"Association between Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Risk of Incident Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies","volume":"38","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Colorectal Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.304","article-title":"Cancer in Elderly Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Population-Based Study","volume":"111","author":"Cheddani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.01012.x","article-title":"Increased Risk of Cancer in Ulcerative Colitis: A Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"94","author":"Leijonmarck","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2000.16487","article-title":"Hodgkin\u2019s Disease Risk Is Increased in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"119","author":"Palli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.239","article-title":"Higher Risk for Hematological Malignancies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Study in Taiwan","volume":"111","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1088","article-title":"Long-Term Risk of Cancer in Ulcerative Colitis: A Population-Based Cohort Study from Copenhagen County","volume":"2","author":"Winther","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Off. Clin. Pract. J. Am. Gastroenterol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2015.03.024","article-title":"Effect of Medications on Risk of Cancer in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Population-Based Cohort Study from Olmsted County, Minnesota","volume":"90","author":"Yadav","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ol\u00e9n, O., Smedby, K.E., Erichsen, R., Pedersen, L., Halfvarson, J., Hallqvist-Everhov, \u00c5., Bryder, N., SWIBREG Study Group, Askling, J., and Ekbom, A. (2023). Increasing Risk of Lymphoma Over Time in Crohn\u2019s Disease but Not in Ulcerative Colitis: A Scandinavian Cohort Study. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Off. Clin. Pract. J. Am. Gastroenterol. Assoc., online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.04.001"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001037","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2022-001037","article-title":"Risk of Malignant Lymphomas in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.28703","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease Is Not Associated with an Increased Risk of Lymphoma","volume":"121","author":"Lewis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa193","article-title":"Characteristics of Lymphoma in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review","volume":"15","author":"Muller","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172634","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1172634","article-title":"Incidence of Lymphomas in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Report of an Emblematic Case, Systematic Review, and Meta-Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Russo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.745","article-title":"Risk of Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treated with Azathioprine: A UK Population-Based Case-Control Study","volume":"105","author":"Armstrong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerra, I., Bujanda, L., Ma\u00f1osa, M., P\u00e9rez-Mart\u00ednez, I., Casanova, M.J., de la Pe\u00f1a, L., de Benito, M., Rivero, M., Varela, P., and Bernal, L. (2023). Clinical Presentation, Management, and Evolution of Lymphomas in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An ENEIDA Registry Study. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15030750"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zanelli, M., Sanguedolce, F., Palicelli, A., Zizzo, M., Martino, G., Caprera, C., Fragliasso, V., Soriano, A., Valle, L., and Ricci, S. (2021). EBV-Driven Lymphoproliferative Disorders and Lymphomas of the Gastrointestinal Tract: A Spectrum of Entities with a Common Denominator (Part 1). Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13184578"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa048","article-title":"Prognosis of Lymphoma in Patients with Known Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A French Multicentre Cohort Study","volume":"14","author":"Severyns","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.22866","article-title":"Prognosis of Lymphoma in Patients Following Treatment with 6-Mercaptopurine\/Azathioprine for Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"18","author":"Sultan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61302-7","article-title":"Lymphoproliferative Disorders in Patients Receiving Thiopurines for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study","volume":"374","author":"Beaugerie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2002.01297.x","article-title":"Long-Term Risk of Malignancy after Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease with Azathioprine","volume":"16","author":"Fraser","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4877","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i30.4877","article-title":"Thiopurines Related Malignancies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Local Experience in Granada, Spain","volume":"19","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjv032","article-title":"Incidence, Management, and Course of Cancer in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"9","author":"Algaba","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000243","article-title":"Cancer and Immunomodulators in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"21","author":"Biancone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"58","article-title":"Risk of New or Recurrent Cancer in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Previous Cancer Exposed to Immunosuppressive and Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Agents","volume":"14","author":"Axelrad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Off. Clin. Pract. J. Am. Gastroenterol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2017.96","article-title":"Extracolonic Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Data from the GETECCU Eneida Registry","volume":"112","author":"Chaparro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws375","article-title":"Use of Azathioprine and the Risk of Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"177","author":"Pasternak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-305763","article-title":"Risk of New or Recurrent Cancer under Immunosuppressive Therapy in Patients with IBD and Previous Cancer","volume":"63","author":"Beaugerie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3621","article-title":"Risk of Malignancies in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treated with Thiopurines or Anti-TNF Alpha Antibodies","volume":"23","author":"Beigel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0360-9","article-title":"Malignancies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Frequency, Incidence and Risk Factors-Results from the Swiss IBD Cohort Study","volume":"114","author":"Scharl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab164","article-title":"Diagnosis and Outcome of Extranodal Primary Intestinal Lymphoma in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An ECCO CONFER Case Series","volume":"16","author":"Phillips","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.22889","article-title":"Excess Primary Intestinal Lymphoproliferative Disorders in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"18","author":"Sokol","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21516","article-title":"Primary Intestinal Lymphoma in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Descriptive Series from the Prebiologic Therapy Era","volume":"17","author":"Holubar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1989.tb01585.x","article-title":"Primary malignant lymphoma of the large intestine complicating chronic inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"15","author":"Shepherd","year":"1989","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3109\/10428199509056830","article-title":"The Association of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Leukemia\u2014Coincidence or Not?","volume":"17","author":"Caspi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.051771","article-title":"Risk of Haematopoietic Cancer in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"54","author":"Askling","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2914","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19851215)56:12<2914::AID-CNCR2820561232>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Extraintestinal Cancers in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"56","author":"Greenstein","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"1025","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Leukemia. A Report of Seven Cases of Leukemia in Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn\u2019s Disease and Review of the Literature","volume":"31","author":"Farmer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604935","article-title":"Risks of Myeloid Malignancies in Patients with Autoimmune Conditions","volume":"100","author":"Anderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bangolo, A., Sagireddy, S., Desrochers, P., Laabidi, I., Nagesh, V.K., Jarri, A., Sekhon, I., Laabidi, Y., Muralidhar, D., and Singh, A. (2023). Association between Multiple Myeloma and Ulcerative Colitis: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Diseases, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases11020059"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zurba, Y., Gros, B., and Shehab, M. (2023). Exploring the Pipeline of Novel Therapies for Inflammatory Bowel Disease; State of the Art Review. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11030747"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab178","article-title":"ECCO Guidelines on Therapeutics in Ulcerative Colitis: Medical Treatment","volume":"16","author":"Raine","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjz180","article-title":"ECCO Guidelines on Therapeutics in Crohn\u2019s Disease: Medical Treatment","volume":"14","author":"Torres","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13466","article-title":"Excess Risk of Urinary Tract Cancers in Patients Receiving Thiopurines for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study","volume":"43","author":"Bourrier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Amp Ther."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respe.2018.03.133","article-title":"Randomized Clinical Trials and Observational Studies in the Assessment of Drug Safety","volume":"66","author":"Sawchik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Epidemiol. Sante Publique"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bezzio, C., Vernero, M., Ribaldone, D.G., Alimenti, E., Manes, G., and Saibeni, S. (2023). Cancer Risk in Patients Treated with the JAK Inhibitor Tofacitinib: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15082197"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"440","article-title":"Use of Biologics and Small Molecule Drugs for the Management of Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis: IG-IBD Clinical Guidelines Based on the GRADE Methodology","volume":"54","author":"Macaluso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis. Off. J. Ital. Soc. Gastroenterol. Ital. Assoc. Study Liver"},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"442","article-title":"Use of Biologics for the Management of Crohn\u2019s Disease: IG-IBD Clinical Guidelines Based on the GRADE Methodology","volume":"55","author":"Macaluso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis. Off. J. Ital. Soc. Gastroenterol. Ital. Assoc. Study Liver"},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"771","article-title":"I-CARE, a European Prospective Cohort Study Assessing Safety and Effectiveness of Biologics in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"21","author":"Rahier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Off. Clin. Pract. J. Am. Gastroenterol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.16071","article-title":"Association Between Use of Thiopurines or Tumor Necrosis Factor Antagonists Alone or in Combination and Risk of Lymphoma in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"318","author":"Lemaitre","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001058","article-title":"Incidence of Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease and the Impact of Thiopurines on Their Risk","volume":"116","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Off. J. Am. Coll. Gastroenterol. ACG"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjz204","article-title":"Lack of Increased Risk of Lymphoma by Thiopurines or Biologics in Japanese Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Large-Scale Administrative Database Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17128","article-title":"Classic Drugs in the Time of New Drugs: Real-World, Long-Term Outcomes of Thiopurine Monotherapy in 1016 Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"56","author":"Jeuring","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.283","article-title":"Role of Thiopurine and Anti-TNF Therapy in Lymphoma in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"106","author":"Herrinton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.298","article-title":"Risk of Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer in Ulcerative Colitis Patients Treated with Thiopurines: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort","volume":"109","author":"Abbas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.06.050","article-title":"Increased Risk for Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers in Patients Who Receive Thiopurines for Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"141","author":"Khosrotehrani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.451","article-title":"Association Between Thiopurine Use and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"109","author":"Ariyaratnam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000001455","article-title":"Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Risk in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Undergoing Thiopurine Therapy: A Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"44","author":"Hagen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14533","article-title":"Risk of Skin Cancers in Thiopurines-Treated and Thiopurines-Untreated Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"34","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.05.015","article-title":"Risk of Lymphoma in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treated with Azathioprine and 6-Mercaptopurine: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Kotlyar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16050","article-title":"Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis: Comparative Risk of Lymphoma with Anti-Tumour Necrosis Factor Agents and\/or Thiopurines in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"52","author":"Chupin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.049460","article-title":"Increased Risk of Lymphoma among Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients Treated with Azathioprine and 6-Mercaptopurine","volume":"54","author":"Kandiel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.01.004","article-title":"Risk of Lymphoma Associated with Combination Anti\u2013Tumor Necrosis Factor and Immunomodulator Therapy for the Treatment of Crohn\u2019s Disease: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"7","author":"Siegel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaa065","article-title":"Propagation of EBV-Driven Lymphomatous Transformation of Peripheral Blood B Cells by Immunomodulators and Biologics Used in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"26","author":"Levhar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.04.045","article-title":"Association of Crohn\u2019s Disease, Thiopurines, and Primary Epstein-Barr Virus Infection with Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"159","author":"Biank","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1159\/000506514","article-title":"Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Case Report and Systematic Review","volume":"5","author":"Brambilla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm. Intest. Dis."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2015.07.004","article-title":"Infection Is the Major Trigger of Hemophagocytic Syndrome in Adult Patients Treated with Biological Therapies","volume":"45","author":"Bosch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-015-2485-2","article-title":"Features of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Who Develop Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Color. Dis."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-023-05223-4","article-title":"Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Nationwide Analysis","volume":"102","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14933","article-title":"Impact of Epstein-Barr Virus Serological Status on Clinical Outcomes in Adult Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"48","author":"Morais","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-11-3938","article-title":"Defective DNA Mismatch Repair in Acute Myeloid Leukemia\/Myelodysplastic Syndrome after Organ Transplantation","volume":"104","author":"Offman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izac171","article-title":"Risks of Melanoma and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers Pre\u2013 and Post\u2013Inflammatory Bowel Disease Diagnosis","volume":"29","author":"Narous","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000457","article-title":"Risk of Lymphoma, Colorectal and Skin Cancer in Patients with IBD Treated with Immunomodulators and Biologics: A Quebec Claims Database Study","volume":"21","author":"Kopylov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2013.04.006","article-title":"Extra-Intestinal Malignancies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Results of the 3rd ECCO Pathogenesis Scientific Workshop (III)","volume":"8","author":"Magro","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000338","article-title":"Are Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease on Chronic Immunosuppressive Therapy at Increased Risk of Cervical High-Grade Dysplasia\/Cancer? A Meta-Analysis","volume":"21","author":"Allegretti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-015-0467-8","article-title":"Monitoring for Extra-Intestinal Cancers in IBD","volume":"17","author":"Sifuentes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00513","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000513","article-title":"Risk of Cervical Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Population-Based Studies","volume":"13","author":"Mann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izx062","article-title":"Neoplasia and Precursor Lesions of the Female Genital Tract in IBD: Epidemiology, Role of Immunosuppressants, and Clinical Implications","volume":"24","author":"Hazenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9359","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i48.9359","article-title":"Risk of Cancer, with Special Reference to Extra-Intestinal Malignancies, in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"19","author":"Algaba","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caviglia, G.P., Martini, G., Armandi, A., Rosso, C., Vernero, M., Bugianesi, E., Astegiano, M., Saracco, G.M., and Ribaldone, D.G. (2021). Risk Factors of Urothelial Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10153257"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1H219","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Risk of Malignancy with Immunosuppressive Drugs in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"41","author":"Masunaga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.07.039","article-title":"Increased Risk of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers Among Individuals With Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"141","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E711","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29209","article-title":"Risk of Cervical Cancer in Women with Autoimmune Diseases, in Relation with Their Use of Immunosuppressants and Screening: Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"136","author":"Rebolj","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-023-02172-7","article-title":"Use of Methotrexate and Risk of Skin Cancer: A Nationwide Case-Control Study","volume":"128","author":"Polesie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.334","article-title":"T-Cell Non-Hodgkin\u2019s Lymphomas Reported to the FDA AERS with Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-\u03b1) Inhibitors: Results of the REFURBISH Study","volume":"108","author":"Deepak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa186","article-title":"TNF Inhibitors and Risk of Malignancy in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Review","volume":"15","author":"Muller","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000741","article-title":"Risk of Incident Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients Starting Anti-TNF Therapy While Having Recent Malignancy","volume":"22","author":"Poullenot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.12.032","article-title":"Safety of Biologic Therapy in Older Patients with Immune-Mediated Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"17","author":"Borren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2406","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.5613","article-title":"Association between Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 Antagonists and Risk of Cancer in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"311","author":"Pasternak","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15692","article-title":"Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis: Biologics and Risk of Infection or Cancer in Elderly Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"51","author":"Piovani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"1385","article-title":"Biologic Therapies and Risk of Infection and Malignancy in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Bonovas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Off. Clin. Pract. J. Am. Gastroenterol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.018515","article-title":"Infliximab in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Clinical Outcome in a Population Based Cohort from Stockholm County","volume":"53","author":"Ljung","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.2165\/0002018-200831120-00009","article-title":"Serious Events with Infliximab in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A 9-Year Cohort Study in the Netherlands","volume":"31","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.163642","article-title":"Long-Term Safety of Infliximab for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Single-Centre Cohort Study","volume":"58","author":"Fidder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03919.x","article-title":"Efficacy and Complications of Adalimumab Treatment for Medically-Refractory Crohn\u2019s Disease: Analysis of Nationwide Experience in Scotland (2004\u20132008)","volume":"29","author":"Ho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03882.x","article-title":"The Safety Profile of Anti-Tumour Necrosis Factor Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Clinical Practice: Analysis of 620 Patient-Years Follow-Up","volume":"29","author":"Lees","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.07.062","article-title":"Influence of Trough Serum Levels and Immunogenicity on Long-Term Outcome of Adalimumab Therapy in Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"137","author":"Karmiris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21416","article-title":"Cancer in Crohn\u2019s Disease Patients Treated with Infliximab: A Long-Term Multicenter Matched Pair Study","volume":"17","author":"Biancone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_149","first-page":"685","article-title":"Adenocarcinoma Associated with Perianal Fistulas in Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"33","author":"Ogawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izx072","article-title":"Infliximab for Crohn\u2019s Disease: More Than 13 Years of Real-World Experience","volume":"24","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.09.026","article-title":"Advanced Age Is an Independent Risk Factor for Severe Infections and Mortality in Patients Given Anti\u2013Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"9","author":"Cottone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"680","article-title":"Five-Year Safety Data From ENCORE, a European Observational Safety Registry for Adults with Crohn\u2019s Disease Treated with Infliximab [Remicade\u00ae] or Conventional Therapy","volume":"11","author":"Reinisch","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjz048","article-title":"Five-Year Safety Data From OPUS, a European Observational Safety Registry for Adults with Ulcerative Colitis Treated with Originator Infliximab [Remicade\u00ae] or Conventional Therapy","volume":"13","author":"Lindsay","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy096","article-title":"Risk of Lymphoma in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treated with Anti-Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha Agents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tassone, D., Basnayake, C., Wright, E., Lust, M., Kamm, M.A., Niewiadomski, O., Schulberg, J., Flanagan, E., Samyue, M.T., and Fry, M.S. (2023). Risk Factors for Malignancy and Serious Infection in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Retrospective Analysis. Intern. Med. J.","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.16141"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0098-4","article-title":"Lymphoma Risk and Overall Safety Profile of Adalimumab in Patients with Crohn\u2019s Disease with up to 6 Years of Follow-Up in the Pyramid Registry","volume":"113","author":"Reinisch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2020.1300","article-title":"Melanoma risk in patients treated with biologic therapy for common inflammatory diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"156","author":"Esse","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2015.1065242","article-title":"Occurrence of Adverse Events among Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the HealthCore Integrated Research Database","volume":"31","author":"McAuliffe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2015.3029","article-title":"Risk of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer in Patients with a History of NMSC with the Use of Immunosuppressant and Biologic Agents in Autoimmune Disease","volume":"152","author":"Scott","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0904492","article-title":"Infliximab, Azathioprine, or Combination Therapy for Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"362","author":"Colombel","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00068-9","article-title":"Early Combined Immunosuppression for the Management of Crohn\u2019s Disease (REACT): A Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"386","author":"Khanna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.10.052","article-title":"Combination Therapy with Infliximab and Azathioprine Is Superior to Monotherapy with Either Agent in Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"146","author":"Panaccione","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.04.012","article-title":"Risk of Serious and Opportunistic Infections Associated with Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"155","author":"Kirchgesner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.441","article-title":"Drug Therapies and the Risk of Malignancy in Crohn\u2019s Disease: Results from the TREATTM Registry","volume":"109","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_165","first-page":"36","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Factors That Contribute to Hepatosplenic T-Cell Lymphoma in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"9","author":"Kotlyar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Off. Clin. Pract. J. Am. Gastroenterol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.12.025","article-title":"Increased Risk of Malignancy with Adalimumab Combination Therapy, Compared with Monotherapy, for Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"146","author":"Osterman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjz137","article-title":"The Safety Profile of Vedolizumab in Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn\u2019s Disease: 4 Years of Global Post-Marketing Data","volume":"14","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15538","article-title":"Vedolizumab Use Is Not Associated with Increased Malignancy Incidence: GEMINI LTS Study Results and Post-Marketing Data","volume":"51","author":"Card","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahiya, D.S., Chandan, S., Bapaye, J., Mohan, B.P., Ramai, D., Kassab, L.L., Chandan, O.C., Dulai, P.S., and Kochhar, G.S. (2023). Safety and Effectiveness of Vedolizumab in Elderly Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Gastroenterol., online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001860"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188751","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1188751","article-title":"Effectiveness and Safety of Vedolizumab for Ulcerative Colitis: A Single-Center Retrospective Real-World Study in China","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macaluso, F.S., Ventimiglia, M., and Orlando, A. (2023). Effectiveness and Safety of Vedolizumab in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. J. Crohns Colitis, online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjad043"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, W.-C., Tai, W.-C., Chang, C.-H., Tu, C.-H., Feng, I.-C., Shieh, M.-J., Chung, C.-S., Yen, H.-H., Chou, J.-W., and Wong, J.-M. (2023). Real-World Evidence of Effectiveness and Safety of Vedolizumab for Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Taiwan: A Prospective Nationwide Registry (VIOLET) Study. Inflamm. Bowel Dis., online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izac269"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burgevin, A., Caron, B., Sasson, A., Luc, A., Netter, P., Baumann, C., Ananthakrishnan, A.N., and Peyrin-Biroulet, L. (2022). Comparative Safety of Ustekinumab and Vedolizumab in Older Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Bicentric Cohort Study. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11236967"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2234200","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.34200","article-title":"Comparative Outcomes and Safety of Vedolizumab vs Tumor Necrosis Factor Antagonists for Older Adults with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"5","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaa236","article-title":"Safety of Ustekinumab in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Pooled Safety Analysis of Results from Phase 2\/3 Studies","volume":"27","author":"Sandborn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_176","first-page":"578","article-title":"Five-Year Efficacy and Safety of Ustekinumab Treatment in Crohn\u2019s Disease: The IM-UNITI Trial","volume":"20","author":"Sandborn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Off. Clin. Pract. J. Am. Gastroenterol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjac030","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Maintenance Ustekinumab for Ulcerative Colitis Through 3 Years: UNIFI Long-Term Extension","volume":"16","author":"Abreu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab070","article-title":"Effectiveness and Safety of Ustekinumab in Ulcerative Colitis: Real-World Evidence from the ENEIDA Registry","volume":"15","author":"Chaparro","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjac108","article-title":"Effectiveness and Safety of Ustekinumab in Elderly Patients with Crohn\u2019s Disease: Real World Evidence From the ENEIDA Registry","volume":"17","author":"Caballol","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2109927","article-title":"Cardiovascular and Cancer Risk with Tofacitinib in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"386","author":"Ytterberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaa289","article-title":"Tofacitinib Treatment Safety in Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis: Comparison of Observational Population Cohort Data From the IBM MarketScan\u00ae Administrative Claims Database with Tofacitinib Trial Data","volume":"27","author":"Curtis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1112168","article-title":"Tofacitinib, an Oral Janus Kinase Inhibitor, in Active Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"367","author":"Sandborn","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1606910","article-title":"Tofacitinib as Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"376","author":"Sandborn","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16712","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of Tofacitinib for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis: Final Analysis of OCTAVE Open, an Open-label, Long-term Extension Study with up to 7.0 Years of Treatment","volume":"55","author":"Sandborn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_185","first-page":"1541","article-title":"Safety of Tofacitinib for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis, Based on 4.4 Years of Data From Global Clinical Trials","volume":"17","author":"Sandborn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Off. Clin. Pract. J. Am. Gastroenterol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa249","article-title":"Outcomes of Tofacitinib Dose Reduction in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis in Stable Remission from the Randomised RIVETING Trial","volume":"15","author":"Vermeire","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izac084","article-title":"Assessment of Safety and Efficacy of Tofacitinib, Stratified by Age, in Patients from the Ulcerative Colitis Clinical Program","volume":"29","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.001","article-title":"Safety of Janus Kinase Inhibitors in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases or Other Immune-Mediated Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"158","author":"Olivera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_189","unstructured":"Admin, S., and European Crohn\u2019s and Colitis Organisation\u2014ECCO\u2014P260 (2023, May 30). An Analysis of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Rates in the Tofacitinib Ulcerative Colitis Clinical Programme. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecco-ibd.eu\/publications\/congress-abstracts\/item\/p260-an-analysis-of-non-melanoma-skin-cancer-rates-in-the-tofacitinib-ulcerative-colitis-clinical-programme.html."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32537-5","article-title":"Clinical Remission in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Crohn\u2019s Disease Treated with Filgotinib (the FITZROY Study): Results from a Phase 2, Double-Blind, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"389","author":"Vermeire","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S-632","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(22)61487-2","article-title":"Su1565: Efficacy and Safety of Filgotinib in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis Stratified by Age: Post Hoc Analysis of the Phase 2b\/3 Selection and Selectionlte Studies","volume":"162","author":"Schreiber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2378","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32463-2","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Filgotinib, a Selective Janus Kinase 1 Inhibitor, in Patients with Active Ankylosing Spondylitis (TORTUGA): Results from a Randomised, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 2 Trial","volume":"392","author":"Baraliakos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32483-8","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Filgotinib, a Selective Janus Kinase 1 Inhibitor, in Patients with Active Psoriatic Arthritis (EQUATOR): Results from a Randomised, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 2 Trial","volume":"392","author":"Mease","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.5217\/ir.2021.00143","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Filgotinib as Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Japanese Patients with Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative Colitis: A Post-Hoc Analysis of the Phase 2b\/3 SELECTION Trial","volume":"21","author":"Hibi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intest. Res."},{"key":"ref_195","unstructured":"Galapagos, N.V. (2023). A Long-Term Extension Study to Evaluate the Safety of Filgotinib in Subjects with Crohn\u2019s Disease."},{"key":"ref_196","unstructured":"Galapagos, N.V. (2022). Combined Phase 3, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Studies Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Filgotinib in the Induction and Maintenance of Remission in Subjects with Moderately to Severely Active Crohn\u2019s Disease."},{"key":"ref_197","unstructured":"Galapagos, N.V. (2022). A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 2 Study to Evaluate the Testicular Safety of Filgotinib in Adult Males with Moderately to Severely Active Inflammatory Bowel Disease."},{"key":"ref_198","first-page":"528","article-title":"Malignancy Events in the Filgotinib Rheumatoid Arthritis and Ulcerative Colitis Clinical Development Programs","volume":"74","author":"Mariette","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00581-5","article-title":"Upadacitinib as Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative Colitis: Results from Three Phase 3, Multicentre, Double-Blind, Randomised Trials","volume":"399","author":"Danese","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2212728","article-title":"Upadacitinib Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"388","author":"Loftus","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_201","first-page":"S-965","article-title":"Tu1449: Efficacy and Safety of Advanced Induction and Maintenance Therapies in Patients with Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative Colitis: An Indirect Treatment Comparison Using Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"162","author":"Panaccione","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1513248","article-title":"Ozanimod Induction and Maintenance Treatment for Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"374","author":"Sandborn","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i534","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjac190.0535","article-title":"P405 Long-Term Safety of 3 Years of Ozanimod in Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative Colitis: An Interim Analysis of the True North Open-Label Extension","volume":"17","author":"Panaccione","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2019.1597159","article-title":"Dual Biological Therapy with Anti-TNF, Vedolizumab or Ustekinumab in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review with Pool Analysis","volume":"54","author":"Ribaldone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20014","article-title":"Safety and Tolerability of Concurrent Natalizumab Treatment for Patients with Crohn\u2019s Disease Not in Remission While Receiving Infliximab","volume":"13","author":"Sands","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00427-7","article-title":"Guselkumab plus Golimumab Combination Therapy versus Guselkumab or Golimumab Monotherapy in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis (VEGA): A Randomised, Double-Blind, Controlled, Phase 2, Proof-of-Concept Trial","volume":"8","author":"Feagan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"otac002","DOI":"10.1093\/crocol\/otac002","article-title":"Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis: Safety and Effectiveness of Combining Biologics and Small Molecules in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"4","author":"Alayo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crohns Colitis 360"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-023-07837-0","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Dual Targeted Therapy for Partially or Non-Responsive Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"68","author":"Berinstein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450115666140821113330","article-title":"Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients with a Cancer History","volume":"15","author":"Beaugerie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_210","first-page":"1598","article-title":"Comparative Safety of Biologic Agents in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease with Active or Recent Malignancy: A Multi-Center Cohort Study","volume":"21","author":"Holmer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Off. Clin. Pract. J. Am. Gastroenterol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjac061","article-title":"Comparative Risk of Incident Cancer in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease with Prior Non-Digestive Malignancy According to Immunomodulator: A Multicentre Cohort Study","volume":"16","author":"Poullenot","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_212","first-page":"88","article-title":"Vedolizumab or Tumor Necrosis Factor Antagonist Use and Risk of New or Recurrent Cancer in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease with Prior Malignancy: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"20","author":"Vedamurthy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Off. Clin. Pract. J. Am. Gastroenterol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izac035","article-title":"Ustekinumab and Vedolizumab Are Not Associated with Subsequent Cancer in IBD Patients with Prior Malignancy","volume":"28","author":"Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15806","article-title":"Ustekinumab Does Not Increase Risk of New or Recurrent Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients with Prior Malignancy","volume":"37","author":"Hasan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000679","article-title":"Repeated Occurrences of Basal Cell Cancer in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treated with Immunosuppressive Medications","volume":"115","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.03.037","article-title":"Cancer Recurrence Following Immune-Suppressive Therapies in Patients with Immune-Mediated Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"151","author":"Shelton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_217","first-page":"187","article-title":"Data Analysis of Epidemiological Studies","volume":"107","author":"Ressing","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/15\/15\/3824\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:21:01Z","timestamp":1760127661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/15\/15\/3824"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"references-count":217,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers15153824"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers15153824","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]}}}