{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:31:46Z","timestamp":1793046706938,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":183,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]],"date-time":"2023-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Romanian Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research, Development, and Innovation","award":["FDI 0690\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FDI 0690\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Romanian Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research, Development, and Innovation","award":["23020101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23020101"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization (MCID)","award":["FDI 0690\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FDI 0690\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization (MCID)","award":["23020101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23020101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The vermiform appendix is a muscular cylindrical structure originating near the junction of the cecum and ileum, averaging 9 cm (5\u201335 cm) in size. As the most mobile viscera, it can adopt several positions, the most common being the retrocecal position. Perceived as an atavistic organ lacking physiological relevance, the vermiform appendix appears to be involved in immune function, serving in the maturation of B lymphocytes and the production of immunoglobulin A, in endocrine function, excreting amines and hormones in the 2\u20133 mL of mucus secreted daily, and in digestive function, by storing beneficial bacteria from where they can recolonize the colon. With a lumen of about 6 mm, the vermiform appendix has a reduced storage capacity, so any blockage of the appendix with fecoliths (fecaliths), seeds derailed from the colon, or enlarged lymph nodes prevents drainage and intraluminal accumulation of secreted mucus. Unable to relax, the appendix wall severely limits its intraluminal volume, so mucus accumulation leads to inflammation of the appendix, known generically as appendicitis. In addition, the vermiform appendix may be the site of the development of neoplastic processes, which may or may not involve mucus production, some of which can significantly affect the standard of living and ultimately lead to death. In general, mucinous tumors may have a better prognosis than non-mucinous tumors. This review takes a comprehensive path, starting by describing the anatomy and embryology of the vermiform appendix and further detailing its inflammatory pathologies, pathologies related to congenital anomalies, and appendix tumors, thus creating an up-to-date framework for better understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of these health problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15153872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T01:48:50Z","timestamp":1690768130000},"page":"3872","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["The Vermiform Appendix and Its Pathologies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Marian","family":"Constantin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology of Romanian Academy, 060031 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, ICUB, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9264-1603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Livia","family":"Petrescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, DAFAB, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"M\u0103tanie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, DAFAB, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2409-0966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corneliu Ovidiu","family":"Vrancianu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, ICUB, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Microbiology\u2014Immunology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, 296 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, 060031 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8968-504X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adelina-Gabriela","family":"Niculescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, ICUB, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9053-0018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Octavian","family":"Andronic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Emergency Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Bolocan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Emergency Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20180956","article-title":"The vermiform appendix: An immunological organ sustaining a microbiome inoculum","volume":"133","author":"Vitetta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"e8562","article-title":"Acute appendicitis review: Background, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"12","author":"Krzyzak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.20502","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Acute Appendicitis in Adults: A Review","volume":"326","author":"Moris","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamm, B., and Ros, P.R. (2013). Abdominal Imaging, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-13327-5"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3393\/ac.2017.33.3.99","article-title":"Unexpected appendiceal pathologies and their changes with the expanding use of preoperative imaging studies","volume":"33","author":"Yoo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Coloproctol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Jones, M.W., Lopez, R.A., Deppen, J.G., and Kendall, B.A. (2021). StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"e37024","article-title":"Typical and Atypical Presentations of Appendicitis and Their Implications for Diagnosis and Treatment: A Literature Review","volume":"15","author":"Echevarria","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcol.2019.04.003","article-title":"Congenital abnormalities and anatomical variations of the vermiform appendix and mesoappendix","volume":"39","author":"Vieira","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Coloproctol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2020.10.010","article-title":"The 2019 World Health Organization Classification of appendiceal, colorectal and anal canal tumours: An update and critical assessment","volume":"53","author":"Ahadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/his.13975","article-title":"The 2019 WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system","volume":"76","author":"Nagtegaal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-014-1206-4","article-title":"Anatomical variants and pathologies of the vermix","volume":"21","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(05)70407-2","article-title":"Appendix and cecum. Embryology, anatomy, and surgical applications","volume":"80","author":"Schumpelick","year":"2000","journal-title":"Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Malone, J.C., and Shah, A.B. (2022). StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcol.2015.08.003","article-title":"Vermiform appendix: Positions and length-a study of 377 cases and literature review","volume":"35","author":"Souza","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Coloproctol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(99)90851-6","article-title":"Sonographic detection of normal and abnormal appendix","volume":"54","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.183.4.1830889","article-title":"The nonvisualized appendix: Incidence of acute appendicitis when secondary inflammatory changes are absent","volume":"183","author":"Nikolaidis","year":"2004","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.322115057","article-title":"MR Imaging Evaluation of Abdominal Pain during Pregnancy: Appendicitis and Other Nonobstetric Causes","volume":"32","author":"Spalluto","year":"2012","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"2027","article-title":"Acute appendicitis: Review and update","volume":"60","author":"Hardin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan, L., Liu, Z., Pan, G., Zhang, B., Wu, Y., Gan, T., and Ouyang, G. (2023). The global, regional, and national burden of appendicitis in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. BMC Gastroenterol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-023-02678-7"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S376665","article-title":"The global burden of appendicitis in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2234269","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.34269","article-title":"Association of appendicitis incidence with warmer weather independent of season","volume":"5","author":"Simmering","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"880","article-title":"The value of sonography in the diagnosis of appendicitis. A prospective study of 100 patients","volume":"61","author":"Dreuw","year":"1990","journal-title":"Der Chir. Z. Fur Alle Geb. Der Oper. Medizen"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Lee, S.D. (2019). Gastrointestinal Emergencies: Evidence-Based Answers to Key Clinical Questions, Springer."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Duque, G.A., and Mohney, S. (2022). StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3329\/kyamcj.v12i2.55444","article-title":"Atypical presentations of appendicitis","volume":"12","author":"Moniruddin","year":"2021","journal-title":"KYAMC J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1941.01210080111006","article-title":"Appendix vermiformis duplex","volume":"42","author":"Waugh","year":"1941","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2017.02.027","article-title":"Appendiceal diverticulitis, a rare relevant pathology: Presentation of a case report and review of the literature","volume":"33","author":"Altieri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2011.04.061","article-title":"Volvulus of the appendix: A case report","volume":"46","author":"Abdessalam","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1259\/0007-1285-21-250-523","article-title":"Appendix situated within the thorax","volume":"21","author":"Fawcitt","year":"1948","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"2623","article-title":"Appendix in the left thoracic cavity","volume":"115","author":"Vigh","year":"1974","journal-title":"Orvosi Hetil."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-017-1890-3","article-title":"Intracecal appendix: An extremely rare anatomical variation. A case report and review of literature","volume":"40","author":"Chauhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3307","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.10589","article-title":"Primary malignant neoplasms of the appendix: A population-based study from the surveillance, epidemiology and end-results program, 1973\u20131998","volume":"94","author":"McCusker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-012-2238-1","article-title":"Importance of histologic subtype in the staging of appendiceal tumors","volume":"19","author":"Turaga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1200\/EDBK_321009","article-title":"Current Management of Appendiceal Neoplasms","volume":"41","author":"Hoehn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. Educ. Book"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-021-03589-4","article-title":"Molecular profiling of appendiceal serrated lesions, polyps and mucinous neoplasms: A single-centre experience","volume":"147","author":"Munari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCP1UJPX6UURLCH","article-title":"Serrated lesions of the appendix: A morphologic and immunohistochemical appraisal","volume":"133","author":"Bellizzi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2013.10.021","article-title":"Serrated lesions of the appendix frequently harbor KRAS mutations and not BRAF mutations indicating a distinctly different serrated neoplastic pathway in the appendix","volume":"45","author":"Pai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197312)32:6<1525::AID-CNCR2820320632>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Mucosal hyperplasia, mucinous cystadenoma, and mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the appendix. A re-evaluation of appendiceal \u201cmucocele\u201d","volume":"32","author":"Higa","year":"1973","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"548","article-title":"Mucoceles of the appendix. Their relationship to hyperplastic polyps, mucinous cystadenomas, and cystadenocarcinomas","volume":"99","author":"Qizilbash","year":"1975","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2004.018317","article-title":"Serrated adenomas of the appendix","volume":"57","author":"Rubio","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.07.014","article-title":"Sessile Serrated Adenoma of the Appendix in an Asymptomatic Patient","volume":"16","author":"Magno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e31806bee6d","article-title":"A comprehensive study of nondysplastic and dysplastic serrated polyps of the vermiform appendix","volume":"31","author":"Yantiss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.5858\/134.6.864","article-title":"Appendiceal mucinous neoplasms: Controversial issues","volume":"134","author":"Misdraji","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1102\/1470-7330.2013.0003","article-title":"Mucinous neoplasms of the appendix: A current comprehensive clinicopathologic and imaging review","volume":"13","author":"Tirumani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6124","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i38.6124","article-title":"Management of pseudomyxoma peritonei","volume":"12","author":"Qu","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/DCR.0b013e318202f026","article-title":"Operative findings, early complications, and long-term survival in 456 patients with pseudomyxoma peritonei syndrome of appendiceal origin","volume":"54","author":"Youssef","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19950201)75:3<757::AID-CNCR2820750303>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Epithelial noncarcinoid tumors and tumor-like lesions of the appendix. A clinicopathologic study of 184 patients with a multivariate analysis of prognostic factors","volume":"75","author":"Carr","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(20010701)92:1<85::AID-CNCR1295>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Patients with pseudomyxoma peritonei associated with disseminated peritoneal adenomucinosis have a significantly more favorable prognosis than patients with peritoneal mucinous carcinomatosis","volume":"92","author":"Ronnett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000202039.74837.7d","article-title":"Pseudomyxoma peritonei of appendiceal origin: A clinicopathologic analysis of 101 patients uniformly treated at a single institution, with literature review","volume":"30","author":"Bradley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"3","article-title":"Peritoneal dissemination from high-grade appendiceal cancer treated with cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC)","volume":"7","author":"Cummins","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16718","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2020.38.15_suppl.e16718","article-title":"A new prognostic model for high-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms with peritoneal carcinomatosis","volume":"38","author":"Mouabbi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Overman, M.J., Asare, E.A., Compton, C.C., Hanna, N.N., Kakar, S., and Kosinski, L.A. (2017). AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, AJCC. [8th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2014.04.018","article-title":"GNAS is frequently mutated in both low-grade and high-grade disseminated appendiceal mucinous neoplasms but does not affect survival","volume":"45","author":"Singhi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2014.225565","article-title":"Molecular profiling of appendiceal epithelial tumors using massively parallel sequencing to identify somatic mutations","volume":"60","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2018.05.002","article-title":"Analysis of Mutation and Loss of Heterozygosity by Whole-Exome Sequencing Yields Insights into Pseudomyxoma Peritonei","volume":"20","author":"Pengelly","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/gm559","article-title":"Genome-wide mutational landscape of mucinous carcinomatosis peritonei of appendiceal origin","volume":"6","author":"Alakus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000535","article-title":"A consensus for classification and pathologic reporting of pseudomyxoma peritonei and associated appendiceal neoplasia: The results of the Peritoneal Surface Oncology Group International (PSOGI) Modified Delphi Process","volume":"40","author":"Carr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02562650","article-title":"A 25-year review of adenocarcinoma of the appendix: A frequently perforating carcinoma","volume":"31","author":"Cerame","year":"1988","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"267","article-title":"Case Report-Cystadenocarcinoma of appendix with cutaneous fistula-An unusual case presentation","volume":"67","author":"Grover","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.2280","article-title":"Appendiceal mucocele: Case reports and review of current literature","volume":"14","author":"Karakaya","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"187","article-title":"Giant appendix or an appendiceal mucocele? Case report of an 11-year-old child","volume":"6","author":"Balint","year":"2014","journal-title":"Interv. Med. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2020.37.97.10655","article-title":"Vesico-appendiceal fistula secondary to adenocarcinoma of the appendix: A case report and literature review","volume":"37","author":"Rosat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pan Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"67","article-title":"Silent and Surprising Pathology: Appendix Tumors-Incidental Finding of a Rare Mucinous Appendiceal Adenocarcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Ailenei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21388","article-title":"The Eighth Edition AJCC Cancer Staging Manual: Continuing to build a bridge from a population-based to a more \u201cpersonalized\u201d approach to cancer staging","volume":"67","author":"Amin","year":"2017","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02962328","article-title":"Adenocarcinoma of the appendix","volume":"24","author":"Chang","year":"1981","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199401000-00009","article-title":"The natural history of surgically treated primary adenocarcinoma of the appendix","volume":"219","author":"Nitecki","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02049842","article-title":"Management and prognosis of adenocarcinoma of the appendix","volume":"38","author":"Cortina","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-021-11229-x","article-title":"Low-Risk Non-mucinous Adenocarcinoma of the Appendix: When Is an Appendectomy Enough?","volume":"29","author":"Turner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3880572","article-title":"Mucinous and nonmucinous appendiceal adenocarcinomas: Different clinicopathological features but similar genetic alterations","volume":"15","author":"Kabbani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e318282649b","article-title":"High-level microsatellite instability in appendiceal carcinomas","volume":"37","author":"Taggart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"230","article-title":"Clinicopathological analysis of patients operated for appendiceal mucocele","volume":"23","author":"Kaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Turk. J. Trauma Emerg. Surg."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2021.1881756","article-title":"Immunohistochemistry features and molecular pathology of appendiceal neoplasms","volume":"58","author":"Mikaeel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.542","article-title":"Molecular profiles of high-grade and low-grade pseudomyxoma peritonei","volume":"4","author":"Noguchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"694","article-title":"Appendiceal carcinoma associated with microsatellite instability","volume":"8","author":"Rosado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.15805","article-title":"Fistulae involving the appendix: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"90","author":"McDonald","year":"2020","journal-title":"ANZ J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1177\/000313481307901120","article-title":"Proposed Classification of Pseudomyxoma Peritonei: Influence of Signet Ring Cells on Survival","volume":"79","author":"Shetty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. Surg."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benesch, M.G.K., and Mathieson, A. (2020). Epidemiology of signet ring cell adenocarcinomas. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12061544"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2014.37","article-title":"Clinicopathologic and molecular analysis of disseminated appendiceal mucinous neoplasms: Identification of factors predicting survival and proposed criteria for a three-tiered assessment of tumor grade","volume":"27","author":"Davison","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197408)34:2<338::AID-CNCR2820340218>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Goblet cell carcinoid of the appendix","volume":"34","author":"Subbuswamy","year":"1974","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.5858\/2001-125-0386-GCCOTA","article-title":"Goblet cell carcinoids of the appendix: Immunophenotype and ultrastructural study","volume":"125","author":"Kanthan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2013-0047-OA","article-title":"Goblet cell carcinoid tumor, mixed goblet cell carcinoid-adenocarcinoma, and adenocarcinoma of the appendix: Comparison of clinicopathologic features and prognosis","volume":"139","author":"Taggart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000001056","article-title":"Histologic and outcome study supports reclassifying appendiceal goblet cell carcinoids as goblet cell adenocarcinomas, and grading and staging similarly to colonic adenocarcinomas","volume":"42","author":"Yozu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/94.1.27","article-title":"Goblet cell carcinoids and related tumors of the vermiform appendix","volume":"94","author":"Burke","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.31.3.322","article-title":"Goblet cell carcinoid of the appendix","volume":"31","author":"Park","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543696","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/543696","article-title":"Goblet cell carcinoids of the appendix","volume":"2013","author":"Holt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v2.i6.251","article-title":"Goblet cell carcinoid tumors of the appendix: An overview","volume":"2","author":"Roy","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"e13511","article-title":"Appendiceal goblet cell adenocarcinoma case report and review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Sigley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-018-1789-6","article-title":"Goblet cell carcinoid of the appendix - diagnostic challenges and treatment updates: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Gilmore","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e31817f1816","article-title":"Pathologic classification and clinical behavior of the spectrum of goblet cell carcinoid tumors of the appendix","volume":"32","author":"Tang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4338","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-016-5412-z","article-title":"Curative Surgical Resection as a Component of Multimodality Therapy for Peritoneal Metastases from Goblet Cell Carcinoids","volume":"23","author":"Radomski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2016.105","article-title":"Adenocarcinoma ex-goblet cell carcinoid (appendiceal-type crypt cell adenocarcinoma) is a morphologically distinct entity with highly aggressive behavior and frequent association with peritoneal\/intra-abdominal dissemination: An analysis of 77 cases","volume":"29","author":"Reid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-018-0003-0","article-title":"Mutational landscape of goblet cell carcinoids and adenocarcinoma ex goblet cell carcinoids of the appendix is distinct from typical carcinoids and colorectal adenocarcinomas","volume":"31","author":"Johncilla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-20-0318","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Appendiceal Goblet Cell Carcinoid","volume":"19","author":"Arai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19990701)86:1<14::AID-CNCR4>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"K-ras and p53 mutations in the pathogenesis of classical and goblet cell carcinoids of the appendix","volume":"86","author":"Ramnani","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2017.184","article-title":"Appendiceal goblet cell carcinoids and adenocarcinomas ex-goblet cell carcinoid are genetically distinct from primary colorectal-type adenocarcinoma of the appendix","volume":"31","author":"Jesinghaus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2016.304","article-title":"Wnt signaling in cancer","volume":"36","author":"Zhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2018.03.026","article-title":"Genomic profile of appendiceal goblet cell carcinoid is distinct compared to appendiceal neuroendocrine tumor and conventional adenocarcinoma","volume":"77","author":"Wen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.32074\/1591-951X-230","article-title":"Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the appendix, colon and rectum","volume":"113","author":"Volante","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathologica"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1177\/10668969221095172","article-title":"Appendiceal Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Single-Center Experience and New Insights into the Effective Use of Immunohistochemistry","volume":"31","author":"Shibahara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1159\/000443165","article-title":"ENETS consensus guidelines for neuroendocrine neoplasms of the appendix (excluding goblet cell carcinomas)","volume":"103","author":"Pape","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2017.0589","article-title":"Trends in the incidence, prevalence, and survival outcomes in patients with neuroendocrine tumors in the United States","volume":"3","author":"Dasari","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.25823","article-title":"Surgical management of neuroendocrine tumors of the appendix in children and adolescents: A retrospective french multicenter study of 114 cases","volume":"63","author":"Lardy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2014.05.019","article-title":"Management and outcome of neuroendocrine tumours of the appendix-a two centre UK experience","volume":"49","author":"Henderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"rjz086","DOI":"10.1093\/jscr\/rjz086","article-title":"Neuroendocrine tumor of the appendix\u2014A case report and review of the literature","volume":"2019","author":"Morais","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms\/135706","article-title":"Radical surgical treatment of neuroendocrine tumors of the appendix in children\u2014A Polish multicenter study","volume":"17","author":"Panek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i13.1304","article-title":"Management of incidentally discovered appendiceal neuroendocrine tumors after an appendicectomy","volume":"28","author":"Hernando","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Ahmed, L., and Karine, C.-S. (2020). Tumor Progression and Metastasis, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19970215)79:4<813::AID-CNCR19>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"An analysis of 8305 cases of carcinoid tumors","volume":"79","author":"Modlin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.038","article-title":"Postoperative surveillance of small appendiceal carcinoid tumors","volume":"207","author":"Murray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99541","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20362","article-title":"Regional lymph node involvement and outcomes in appendiceal neuroendocrine tumors: A SEER database analysis","volume":"8","author":"Sarshekeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-020-08748-4","article-title":"Management of Appendiceal Neuroendocrine Tumors: Metastatic Potential of Small Tumors","volume":"28","author":"Landry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002736","article-title":"Current Management and Predictive Factors of Lymph Node Metastasis of Appendix Neuroendocrine Tumors: A National Study from the French Group of Endocrine Tumors (GTE)","volume":"270","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R27","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-15-0310","article-title":"Appendiceal neuroendocrine neoplasms: Diagnosis and management","volume":"23","author":"Alexandraki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr.-Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"601","article-title":"Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Appendix: A Review of the Literature","volume":"38","author":"Moris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.21037\/jgo.2018.11.08","article-title":"Typical carcinoids, goblet cell carcinoids, mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinomas, neuroendocrine carcinomas and adenocarcinomas of the appendix: A comparative analysis of survival profile and predictors","volume":"10","author":"Onyemkpa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"329","article-title":"Of an Inguinal rupture, with a pin in the appendix coeci, incrusted stone; and some observations on wounds in the guts","volume":"39","author":"Amyand","year":"1736","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000003225","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment and appendectomy for uncomplicated acute appendicitis in adults and children: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"270","author":"Podda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zrac100","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsopen\/zrac100","article-title":"Randomized clinical trials comparing antibiotic therapy with appendicectomy for uncomplicated acute appendicitis: Meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Herrod","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJS Open"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaschinski, T., Mosch, C., Eikermann, M., and Neugebauer, E.A. (2015). Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy in patients with suspected appendicitis: A systematic review of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMC Gastroenterol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-015-0277-3"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-009-0678-x","article-title":"Laparoscopic appendectomy is the preferred approach for appendicitis: A retrospective review of two practice patterns","volume":"24","author":"Nakhamiyayev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-020-00306-3","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines","volume":"15","author":"Podda","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Emerg. Surg."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800820207","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of appendicectomy versus antibiotic therapy for acute appendicitis","volume":"82","author":"Eriksson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"e28488","article-title":"Uses of antibiotics alone in case of uncomplicated appendicitis","volume":"14","author":"Yadao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2015.01.008","article-title":"Initial antibiotic treatment for acute simple appendicitis in children is safe: Short-term results from a multicenter, prospective cohort study","volume":"157","author":"Gorter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2015.07.008","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of operative versus nonoperative treatment for uncomplicated appendicitis","volume":"50","author":"Tanaka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.13201","article-title":"Five-year follow-up of antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated acute appendicitis in the appac randomized clinical trial","volume":"320","author":"Salminen","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CODA Collaborative, Flum, D.R., Davidson, G.H., Monsell, S.E., Shapiro, N.I., Odom, S.R., Sanchez, S.E., Drake, F.T., Fischkoff, K., and Johnson, J. (2020). A randomized trial comparing antibiotics with appendectomy for appendicitis. N. Engl. J. Med., 383, 1907\u20131919.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2014320"},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"119","article-title":"Conservative treatment of acute appendicitis","volume":"89","author":"Coccolini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2480","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-021-08533-8","article-title":"Endoscopic retrograde appendicitis therapy for management of acute appendicitis","volume":"36","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2022.102049","article-title":"Is it time for global adoption endoscopic retrograde appendicitis therapy of acute appendicitis?","volume":"46","author":"Ullah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, Z., Sun, P., Jiang, M., Zhen, Z., Liu, J., Ye, M., and Huang, W. (2022). Endoscopic retrograde appendicitis therapy versus laparoscopic appendectomy versus open appendectomy for acute appendicitis: A pilot study. BMC Gastroenterol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-022-02139-7"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2017.08.016","article-title":"Increased incidence of bowel cancer after non-surgical treatment of appendicitis","volume":"43","author":"Enblad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.3603.140","article-title":"The Ochsner-Sherren (delayed) treatment of acute appendicitis: Indications and technique","volume":"1","author":"Bailey","year":"1930","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"255","article-title":"Five years of conservative treatment of acute appendicitis","volume":"32","author":"Coldrey","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Int. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harper, M.M., Kim, J., and Pandalai, P.K. (2022). Current trends in cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for peritoneal disease from appendiceal and colorectal malignancies. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11102840"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1515\/pp-2017-0010","article-title":"Pharmacological principles of intraperitoneal and bidirectional chemotherapy","volume":"2","author":"Michelakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pleura Peritoneum."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e31817ec31e","article-title":"Prognostic significance of localized extra-appendiceal mucin deposition in appendiceal mucinous neoplasms","volume":"33","author":"Yantiss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-021-01723-6","article-title":"Consensuses and controversies on pseudomyxoma peritonei: A review of the published consensus statements and guidelines","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163284","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/163284","article-title":"Systemic chemotherapy prior to cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC for carcinomatosis from appendix cancer: Impact on perioperative outcomes and short-term survival","volume":"2012","author":"Bijelic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.23547","article-title":"Perioperative systemic chemotherapy for appendiceal mucinous carcinoma peritonei treated with cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy","volume":"109","author":"Blackham","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.25599","article-title":"Systemic chemotherapy and survival in patients with metastatic low-grade appendiceal mucinous adenocarcinoma","volume":"120","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chicago Consensus Working Group (2020). The Chicago Consensus on peritoneal surface malignancies: Management of appendiceal neoplasms. Cancer, 126, 2525\u20132533.","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32837"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-012-2783-7","article-title":"Right hemicolectomy for mucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix: Just right or too much?","volume":"20","author":"Turaga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, G., Li, Q., and Chen, W. (2021). Chemotherapy in the treatment of different histological types of appendiceal cancers: A SEER based study. BMC Cancer, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-08502-3"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaakour, D., Ward, G., Senthil, M., and Dayyani, F. (2023). Durable response after repeat cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) in a patient with extensive mucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix. Diseases, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases11020060"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0b013e3181ebb2a5","article-title":"The NANETS consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of neuroendocrine tumors: Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of the jejunum, ileum, appendix, and cecum","volume":"39","author":"Boudreaux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S147227","article-title":"Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for appendiceal goblet cell carcinomas with peritoneal carcinomatosis: Results from a single specialized center","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3873","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-020-09389-3","article-title":"The Role of adjuvant chemotherapy in non-metastatic goblet cell carcinoid of the appendix: An 11-year experience from the national cancer database","volume":"28","author":"AlMasri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000001530","article-title":"The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Appendiceal Neoplasms","volume":"62","author":"Glasgow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2646","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-017-5938-8","article-title":"Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for moderately and poorly differentiated appendiceal adenocarcinoma: Survival outcomes and patient selection","volume":"24","author":"Grotz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000001076","article-title":"Predicting survival after cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for appendix adenocarcinoma","volume":"61","author":"Aziz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3390","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-021-11233-1","article-title":"Iterative cytoreduction and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for recurrent mucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix","volume":"29","author":"Gushchin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdr279","article-title":"Systemic chemotherapy and surgical cytoreduction for poorly differentiated and signet ring cell adenocarcinomas of the appendix","volume":"23","author":"Lieu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1564433","article-title":"Management of appendix cancer","volume":"28","author":"Kelly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Colon Rectal Surg."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed, A., Wu, S., Hamid, M., Mahipal, A., Cjakrabarti, S., Bajor, D., Selfridge, J.E., and Asa, S.L. (2022). Management of appendix neuroendocrine neoplasms: Insights on the current guidelines. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15010295"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1159\/000335597","article-title":"ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the management of patients with liver and other distant metastases from neuroendocrine neoplasms of foregut, midgut, hindgut, and unknown primary","volume":"95","author":"Pavel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-020-08695-0","article-title":"It may not be too little or too late: Resecting primary small bowel neuroendocrine tumors in the presence of metastatic disease","volume":"27","author":"Howe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2020.10.019","article-title":"A comparison of liver-directed therapy and systemic therapy for the treatment of liver metastases in patients with gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors: Analysis of the california cancer registry","volume":"32","author":"Kessler","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4656","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.22.8510","article-title":"Placebo-controlled, double-blind, prospective, randomized study on the effect of octreotide LAR in the control of tumor growth in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine midgut tumors: A report from the PROMID Study Group","volume":"27","author":"Rinke","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1159\/000444087","article-title":"Oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced neuroendocrine tumors: Clinical outcomes and preliminary correlation with biological factors","volume":"103","author":"Spada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3892\/mco.2016.1097","article-title":"Systemic chemotherapy with FOLFOX in metastatic grade 1\/2 neuroendocrine cancer","volume":"6","author":"Faure","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9032753","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9032753","article-title":"CAPTEM in metastatic well-differentiated intermediate to high grade neuroendocrine tumors: A single centre experience","volume":"2019","author":"Sahu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2017-0640","article-title":"Randomized phase ii trial of capox plus bevacizumab and capiri plus bevacizumab as first-line treatment for japanese patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CCOG-1201 study)","volume":"23","author":"Nakayama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clcc.2020.01.003","article-title":"Bevacizumab in combination with either folfox-4 or xelox-2 in first-line treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: A multicenter randomized phase ii trial of the gruppo oncologico dell\u2019italia meridionale (GOIM 2802)","volume":"19","author":"Maiello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Colorectal Cancer"},{"key":"ref_165","first-page":"e25055","article-title":"Vermiform appendix and the potential for missed pathologies","volume":"14","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_166","first-page":"431","article-title":"Investigate the appendicitis companied with parasitic infection in patients attending the baquba teaching hospital undergoing an appendix removal, diyala province","volume":"22","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell. Arch."},{"key":"ref_167","first-page":"e8524","article-title":"Enterobius vermicularis: A parasitic cause of appendicular colic","volume":"12","author":"Chitnis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3238061","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3238061","article-title":"Parasitic appendicitis: A novel laparoscopic approach for the prevention of peritoneal contamination","volume":"2018","author":"Zarbaliyev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.104094","article-title":"Acute appendicitis due to infection with Enterobius vermicularis, A case report","volume":"80","author":"Alshihmani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_170","first-page":"45","article-title":"Fungal appendicitis: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Mishra","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Dis. Res."},{"key":"ref_171","first-page":"681","article-title":"Fungal appendicitis: A case series and review of the literature","volume":"44","author":"Larbcharoensub","year":"2013","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2022.107738","article-title":"Aspergillus appendicitis complicating chemotherapy of leukemia: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"100","author":"Jung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allahqoli, L., Mazidimoradi, A., Momenimovahed, Z., G\u00fcnther, V., Ackermann, J., Salehiniya, H., and Alkatout, I. (2023). Appendiceal endometriosis: A comprehensive review of the literature. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13111827"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2023.107993","article-title":"Appendiceal endometriosis: Case report of a rare differential diagnosis of acute appendicitis","volume":"105","author":"Aragone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-020-03784-4","article-title":"Not only appendicitis: Rare appendix disorders manifesting as surgical emergencies in children","volume":"180","author":"Samuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsc.2022.102535","article-title":"Appendiceal intussusception requiring ileocecectomy","volume":"88","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2022.03.040","article-title":"Recurrent ileocolic intussusception with appendiceal lead point in a 2-year-old child: An etiology to be aware of on ultrasound","volume":"17","author":"Furlong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_178","unstructured":"Bakrin, N., Deraco, M., Glehen, O., Morris, D.L., and Van der Speeten, K. (2017). Cytoreductive Surgery & Perioperative Chemotherapy for Peritoneal Surface Malignancy: Textbook and Video Atlas, 2, Cin\u00e9-Med."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2009.04.019","article-title":"Complete cytoreduction offers longterm survival in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from appendiceal tumors of unfavorable histology","volume":"209","author":"Omohwo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30239-0","article-title":"Adjuvant hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced colon cancer (COLOPEC): A multicentre, open-label, randomised trial","volume":"4","author":"Klaver","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30322-3","article-title":"Second-look surgery plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy versus surveillance in patients at high risk of developing colorectal peritoneal metastases (PROPHYLOCHIP-PRODIGE 15): A randomised, phase 3 study","volume":"21","author":"Glehen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30599-4","article-title":"Cytoreductive surgery plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy versus cytoreductive surgery alone for colorectal peritoneal metastases (PRODIGE 7): A multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial","volume":"22","author":"Elias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-015-4627-8","article-title":"Linear relationship of peritoneal cancer index and survival in patients with peritoneal metastases from colorectal cancer","volume":"23","author":"Faron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/15\/15\/3872\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:22:24Z","timestamp":1760127744000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/15\/15\/3872"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]]},"references-count":183,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers15153872"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers15153872","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]]}}}