{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T06:40:15Z","timestamp":1787812815148,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,26]],"date-time":"2023-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Air Products PLC","award":["216-206-P-F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["216-206-P-F"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed type of cancer, accounting for approximately one in eight cancer diagnoses worldwide. In 2020, there were approximately 2.3 million new cases of breast cancer globally, resulting in around 685,000 deaths. Consequently, there is an ongoing need to develop innovative therapeutic approaches that can improve both clinical outcomes and patient quality of life. The use of ultra-low cryogenic temperatures, facilitated by cryogenic media such as liquid nitrogen, has revolutionized the biomedical field and opened up new possibilities for advanced clinical treatments, including cryosurgery. Cryosurgery has demonstrated its feasibility as a minimally invasive technique for destroying breast tumors and eliciting a significant antitumor immune response in the host. This feature sets cryosurgery apart from other ablative techniques. It has been shown to be well tolerated and effective, offering several advantages such as simplicity, the avoidance of general anesthesia, minimal pain, low morbidity, short recovery time, cost-effectiveness, and notably, improved aesthetic outcomes. The reviewed studies indicate that cryosurgery holds promise in the management of early-stage breast cancer and metastatic disease, especially in triple-negative and Her2-positive molecular subtypes in conjunction with checkpoint inhibitors and anti-Her2 antibodies, respectively. Furthermore, the effectiveness of cryosurgery in the management of ductal carcinoma in situ should be investigated as an alternative modality to surgery or surveillance. The minimally invasive nature of cryosurgery has the potential to significantly enhance the quality of life for patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15174272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T05:46:47Z","timestamp":1693201607000},"page":"4272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Evolving Role of Cryosurgery in Breast Cancer Management: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kefah","family":"Mokbel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The London Breast Institute, Princess Grace Hospital, London W1U 5NY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alevtina","family":"Kodresko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heat Pipe and Thermal Management Research Group, College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University, London UB8 3PH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1176-2241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heba","family":"Ghazal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston Upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramia","family":"Mokbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Princess Grace Hospital, Part of HCA Healthcare UK, London W1U 5NY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Trembley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Air Products PLC, Hersham Place Technology Park, Molesey Road, Surrey KT12 4RZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6910-6116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hussam","family":"Jouhara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heat Pipe and Thermal Management Research Group, College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University, London UB8 3PH, UK"},{"name":"Vytautas Magnus University, Studentu Street 11, LT-53362 Akademija, Kaunas District, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2023.104709","article-title":"Low-Temperature Heat Transfer Mediums for Cryogenic Applications","volume":"2023","author":"Jouhara","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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