{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T16:13:13Z","timestamp":1775664793715,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]],"date-time":"2023-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Breast Cancer Now, Cancer Research UK","award":["CRUK\/08\/046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRUK\/08\/046"]}]},{"name":"Biomedical Research Centre at Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust","award":["CRUK\/08\/046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRUK\/08\/046"]}]},{"name":"King\u2019s College London","award":["CRUK\/08\/046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRUK\/08\/046"]}]},{"name":"Cancer Research UK","award":["CRUK\/08\/046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRUK\/08\/046"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is widely accepted as a precursor of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is considered a risk factor for invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC), and it is unclear whether LCIS is also a precursor. Therefore, it would be expected that similar risk factors predispose to both DCIS and IDC, but not necessarily LCIS and ILC. This study examined associations with risk factors using data from 3075 DCIS cases, 338 LCIS cases, and 1584 controls aged 35\u201360, recruited from the UK-based GLACIER and ICICLE case-control studies between 2007 and 2012. Analysis showed that breastfeeding in parous women was protective against DCIS and LCIS, which is consistent with research on invasive breast cancer (IBC). Additionally, long-term use of HRT in post-menopausal women increased the risk of DCIS and LCIS, with a stronger association in LCIS, similar to the association with ILC. Contrary to findings with IBC, parity and the number of births were not protective against DCIS or LCIS, while oral contraceptives showed an unexpected protective effect. These findings suggest both similarities and differences in risk factors for DCIS and LCIS compared to IBC and that there may be justification for increased breast surveillance in post-menopausal women taking long-term HRT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15174397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T02:43:20Z","timestamp":1693795400000},"page":"4397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["DCIS and LCIS: Are the Risk Factors for Developing In Situ Breast Cancer Different?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jasmine","family":"Timbres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast Cancer Genetics, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Kohut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St George\u2019s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Blackshaw Rd, London SW17 0QT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Caneppele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Excelya, 35 rue de Paris, 92100 Boulogne, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Troy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2228-429X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marjanka K.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Roylance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, 235 Euston Rd., London NW1 2BU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8285-4111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elinor","family":"Sawyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast Cancer Genetics, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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