{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T00:59:30Z","timestamp":1793149170220,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cFondazione Beretta\u201d, Brescia, Italy","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013ed0x68","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Joseph and Barbara Ashkins Endowed Professorship in Surgery and the Radiology Department"},{"name":"Charles B. and Ann L. Johnson Endowed Professorship in Neurosurgery Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02qp3tb03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The transorbital approaches (TOAs) have acquired growing notoriety, thanks to their ability to offer alternative corridors to the skull base. However, the limited access and the unfamiliarity with this surgical perspective make recognition of key landmarks difficult, especially for less experienced surgeons. The study wants to offer a detailed description of the anatomy to comprehend the potential and limitations of TOAs. Methods: Measurements of the orbit region and the surrounding areas were performed on two hundred high-resolution CT scans and thirty-nine dry skulls. Five specimens were dissected to illustrate the TOA, and one was used to perform the extradural clinoidectomy. Three clinical cases highlighted the surgical applications. Results: A step-by-step description of the key steps of the TOA was proposed and a comparison with the transcranial anterior clinoidectomy was discussed. The mean work distance was 6.1 \u00b1 0.4 cm, and the lateral working angle increased 20 \u00b1 5.4\u00b0 after removing the lateral orbital rim. Conclusions: TOAs are indicated in selected cases when tumor involves the lateral portion of the cavernous sinus or the middle skull base, obtaining a direct decompression of the optic nerve and avoiding excessive manipulation of the neurovascular structures. Comprehension of surgical anatomy of the orbit and its surrounding structures is essential to safely perform these approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15184435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T10:23:42Z","timestamp":1693995822000},"page":"4435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Surgical Anatomy of the Microscopic and Endoscopic Transorbital Approach to the Middle Fossa and Cavernous Sinus: Anatomo-Radiological Study with Clinical Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Simona","family":"Serioli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Rhoton Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Surgical Anatomy Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariagrazia","family":"Nizzola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhoton Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Surgical Anatomy Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Radiosurgery, I.R.C.C.S. San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute University, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Plou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhoton Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Surgical Anatomy Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Neurosurgery Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1199, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"De Bonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhoton Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Surgical Anatomy Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Radiosurgery, I.R.C.C.S. San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute University, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenna","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhoton Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Surgical Anatomy Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciano C. P. C.","family":"Leonel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhoton Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Surgical Anatomy Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea A.","family":"Tooley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilly H.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8087-7870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie J.","family":"Van Gompel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\/Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Elena","family":"Benini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iacopo","family":"Dallan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Peris-Celda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhoton Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Surgical Anatomy Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\/Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS\/2008\/109\/8\/0341","article-title":"Eyelid approach to the anterior cranial base","volume":"109","author":"Andaluz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.10.144","article-title":"The transpalpebral incision: Its use in keyhole approaches to cranial base brain tumors","volume":"10","author":"Raza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(96)80040-0","article-title":"Supratarsal fold incision for approach to the superior lateral orbit","volume":"81","author":"Kung","year":"1996","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.01.120","article-title":"Technological and Ideological Innovations in Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery","volume":"124","author":"Riley","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS-07\/07\/0206","article-title":"History of endoscopic skull base surgery: Its evolution and current reality","volume":"107","author":"Prevedello","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.14639\/0392-100X-1684","article-title":"Preliminary experience with 4K ultra-high definition endoscope: Analysis of pros and cons in skull base surgery","volume":"37","author":"Rigante","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta. Otorhinolaryngol. Ital."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.2500\/ajr.2008.22.3170","article-title":"Endoscopic surgery for malignant tumors of the sinonasal tract and adjacent skull base: A 10-year experience","volume":"22","author":"Nicolai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ons16","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000373431.08464.43","article-title":"Transorbital Neuroendoscopic Surgery","volume":"67","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oper. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"173","article-title":"Transorbital transnasal endoscopic combined approach to the anterior and middle skull base: A laboratory investigation","volume":"35","author":"Alqahtani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol. Ital."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1547358","article-title":"Endoscope-assisted Transorbital Keyhole Surgical Approach to Ruptured Supratentorial Aneurysms","volume":"76","author":"Ho","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Surg. A Cent. Eur. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599810397285","article-title":"Applications and outcomes of orbital and transorbital endoscopic surgery","volume":"144","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head. Neck. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2857","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-020-01470-5","article-title":"Transorbital endoscopic approaches to the skull base: A systematic literature review and anatomical description","volume":"44","author":"Vural","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zoli, M., Sollini, G., Rustici, A., Guaraldi, F., Asioli, S., Altavilla, M.V., Orsatti, A., Faustini-Fustini, M., Pasquini, E., and Mazzatenta, D. (2023). Endoscopic Transorbital Approach for Spheno-Orbital Tumors: Case Series and Systematic Review of Literature. World Neurosurg., epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.06.026"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.3.JNS19492","article-title":"Endoscopic transorbital and endonasal approach for trigeminal schwannomas: A retrospective multicenter analysis (KOSEN-005)","volume":"133","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.126","article-title":"Endoscopic Transorbital Approach for the Management of Spheno-Orbital Meningiomas: Literature Review and Preliminary Experience","volume":"176","author":"Mosteiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opx100","article-title":"Endoscopic Transorbital Superior Eyelid Approach for the Management of Selected Spheno-orbital Meningiomas: Preliminary Experience","volume":"14","author":"Dallan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oper. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1718914","article-title":"The Role of the Transorbital Superior Eyelid Approach in the Management of Selected Spheno-orbital Meningiomas: In-Depth Analysis of Indications, Technique, and Outcomes from the Study of a Cohort of 35 Patients","volume":"83","author":"Locatelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Surg. B Skull Base"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-023-01980-y","article-title":"Endoscopic transorbital approach for skull base lesions: A report of 16 clinical cases","volume":"46","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.6.JNS181099","article-title":"Endoscopic transorbital surgery for Meckel\u2019s cave and middle cranial fossa tumors: Surgical technique and early results","volume":"131","author":"Jeon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.3.JNS173233","article-title":"Clinical and ophthalmological outcome of endoscopic transorbital surgery for cranioorbital tumors","volume":"131","author":"Kong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.21280","article-title":"Transorbital endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid leaks","volume":"121","author":"Moe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.11.090","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal versus transorbital surgery for middle cranial fossa tumors: Comparison of clinical outcomes based on surgical corridors","volume":"122","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-022-01926-w","article-title":"Functional and clinical outcomes after superior eyelid transorbital endoscopic approach for spheno-orbital meningiomas: Illustrative case and literature review","volume":"46","author":"Corvino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2015.07.021","article-title":"Transorbital neuroendoscopic surgery for the treatment of skull base lesions","volume":"24","author":"Ramakrishna","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-016-2940-z","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the cavernous sinus, superior orbital fissure, and orbital apex via a lateral orbitotomy approach: A cadaveric anatomical study","volume":"158","author":"Ulutas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-019-03939-9","article-title":"Endoscopic endo- and extra-orbital corridors for spheno-orbital region: Anatomic study with illustrative case","volume":"161","author":"Pineda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.26655","article-title":"Endoscopic transorbital ligation of the maxillary artery through the inferior orbital fissure","volume":"43","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.04.017","article-title":"Combined Endonasal-Transorbital Approach to Manage the Far Lateral Frontal Sinus: Surgical Technique","volume":"151","author":"Arosio","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"813","article-title":"Endoscopic Transorbital Approach to the Cavernous Sinus Lateral Compartment (Anatomical Cadaver Study)","volume":"31","author":"Caklili","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opy309","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of the Exposure and Surgical Freedom of the Endoscopic Extended Minipterional Craniotomy and the Transorbital Endoscopic Approach to the Anterior and Middle Cranial Fossae","volume":"17","author":"Noiphithak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oper. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.02.034","article-title":"Multiportal Combined Transorbital Transnasal Endoscopic Approach for the Management of Selected Skull Base Lesions: Preliminary Experience","volume":"84","author":"Dallan","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opx256","article-title":"Supraorbital vs Endo-Orbital Routes to the Lateral Skull Base: A Quantitative and Qualitative Anatomic Study","volume":"15","author":"Andaluz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oper. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e267","DOI":"10.1227\/ons.0000000000000308","article-title":"Endoscopic Transorbital Approach to the Middle Fossa: Qualitative and Quantitative Anatomic Study","volume":"23","author":"Guizzardi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oper. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.4.JNS162749","article-title":"Endoscopic transorbital superior eyelid approach: Anatomical study from a neurosurgical perspective","volume":"129","author":"Andaluz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-021-04896-y","article-title":"Extradural anterior clinoidectomy through endoscopic transorbital approach: Laboratory investigation for surgical perspective","volume":"163","author":"Cepeda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991065","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.991065","article-title":"Endoscopic transorbital extradural anterior clinoidectomy: A stepwise surgical technique and case series study [SevEN-013]","volume":"12","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.H., Hong, C.K., Shin, H.J., and Kong, D.S. (2023). Feasibility and efficacy of endoscopic transorbital optic canal decompression for meningiomas causing compressive optic neuropathy. J. Neurosurg., epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.5.JNS2326"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opx042","article-title":"A Side Door to Meckel\u2019s Cave: Anatomic Feasibility Study for the Lateral Transorbital Approach","volume":"13","author":"Priddy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oper. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.14639\/0392-100X-suppl.1-41-2021-06","article-title":"When multidisciplinary surgical trans-orbital approaches should be considered to reach the skull base","volume":"41","author":"Dallan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol. Ital."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.8.JNS16465","article-title":"Endoscopic transorbital route to the cavernous sinus through the meningo-orbital band: A descriptive anatomical study","volume":"127","author":"Dallan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007447","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2022.1007447","article-title":"Superior eyelid endoscopic transorbital approach to the tentorial area: A qualitative and quantitative anatomic study","volume":"9","author":"Mosteiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Surg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-019-03831-6","article-title":"Endoscopic transorbital transtentorial approach to middle incisural space: Preclinical cadaveric study","volume":"161","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-017-3448-x","article-title":"Endoscopic transorbital route to the petrous apex: A feasibility anatomic study","volume":"160","author":"Andaluz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.2.JNS172334","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of the surgical exposure and surgical freedom between transcranial and transorbital endoscopic anterior petrosectomies to the posterior fossa","volume":"131","author":"Noiphithak","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.2.JNS203867","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal and transorbital approaches to petrous apex lesions","volume":"136","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E506","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opab319","article-title":"Endoscopic Transorbital Approach to Mesial Temporal Lobe for Intra-Axial Lesions: Cadaveric Study and Case Series (SevEN-008)","volume":"21","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oper. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phillips, H.W., Miller, T.A., Liu, H.Y., Abel, T.J., and McDowell, M.M. (2023). Utility of minimally invasive endoscopic skull base approaches for the treatment of drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: A review of current techniques and trends. J. Neurosurg., epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.4.JNS221889"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"669","article-title":"Relationship of the optic nerve to the posterior paranasal sinuses: A CT anatomic study","volume":"17","author":"DeLano","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.02.095","article-title":"Endoscopic Transorbital Approaches to Anterior and Middle Cranial Fossa: Exploring the Potentialities of a Modified Lateral Retrocanthal Approach","volume":"150","author":"Chibbaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e206","DOI":"10.1227\/ons.0000000000000131","article-title":"\u201cSagittal Crest\u201d: Definition, Stepwise Dissection, and Clinical Implications from a Transorbital Perspective","volume":"22","author":"Corrivetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oper. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"011","article-title":"Lateral transorbital neuroendoscopic approach to the lateral cavernous sinus","volume":"75","author":"Bly","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Surg. Part B Skull Base"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bander, E.D., Carnevale, J.A., Tosi, U., Godfrey, K.J., and Schwartz, T.H. (2023). Lateral Transorbital Endoscope-Assisted Approach to the Cavernous Sinus. Oper. Neurosurg., epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1227\/ons.0000000000000824"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-020-05008-9","article-title":"Orbital decompressive effect of endoscopic transorbital surgery for sphenoorbital meningioma","volume":"259","author":"Kong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Graefes. Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.01.115","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Endoscopic Transorbital Approach and Extended Mini-Pterional Approach for Sphenoid Wing Meningiomas with Osseous Involvement: Preliminary Surgical Results","volume":"139","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-022-05177-y","article-title":"Endoscopic superior eyelid transorbital approach: How I do it","volume":"164","author":"Alobid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carnevale, J.A., Pandey, A., Ramirez-Loera, C., Goldberg, J.L., Bander, E.D., Henderson, F., Niogi, S.N., Tabaee, A., Kacker, A., and Anand, V.K. (2023). Endonasal, supraorbital, and transorbital approaches: Minimal access endoscope-assisted surgical approaches for meningiomas in the anterior and middle cranial fossae. J. Neurosurg., epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.5.JNS23103"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Somma, A., Guizzardi, G., Sanchez Espa\u00f1a, J.C., Matas Fassi, J., Topczewski, T.E., Ferres, A., Mosteiro, A., Reyes, L., Tercero, J., and Lopez, M. (2023). Complications of the Superior Eyelid Endoscopic Transorbital Approach to the Skull Base: Preliminary Experience with Specific Focus on Orbital Outcome. J. Neuroophthalmol.","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001899"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"e14874","article-title":"Tailored Anterior Clinoidectomy: Beyond the Intradural and Extradural Concepts","volume":"13","author":"Fernandes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-021-02681-1","article-title":"Intra- and extradural anterior clinoidectomy: Anatomy review and surgical technique step by step","volume":"43","author":"Gallardo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.3.JNS20297","article-title":"Optimal indications and limitations of endoscopic transorbital superior eyelid surgery for spheno-orbital meningiomas","volume":"134","author":"Kong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.01.117","article-title":"Surgical Freedom Evaluation During Optic Nerve Decompression: Laboratory Investigation","volume":"101","author":"Andaluz","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1097\/01.scs.0000179741.68294.1c","article-title":"Importance of the anatomic features of the lacrimal artery for orbital approaches","volume":"16","author":"Erdogmus","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-019-02336-4","article-title":"Embryology and anatomical variations of the ophthalmic artery","volume":"62","author":"Bonasia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, D.S., Kim, Y.H., Lee, W.J., Kim, Y.H., and Hong, C.K. (2022). Indications and outcomes of endoscopic transorbital surgery for trigeminal schwannoma based on tumor classification: A multicenter study with 50 cases. J. Neurosurg., epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.9.JNS22779"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-022-05203-z","article-title":"Combined endoscopic endonasal and transorbital multiportal approach for complex skull base lesions involving multiple compartments","volume":"164","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/15\/18\/4435\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:45:50Z","timestamp":1760129150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/15\/18\/4435"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers15184435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers15184435","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]}}}