{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T21:24:58Z","timestamp":1793395498253,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Actinic keratosis (AK) is a common skin cancer in situ that can progress to invasive SCC. Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT) has emerged as a non-invasive imaging technique that can aid in diagnosis. Recently, machine-learning algorithms have been developed that can automatically assess the PRO score of AKs based on the dermo-epidermal junction\u2019s (DEJ\u2019s) protrusion on LC-OCT images. A dataset of 19.898 LC-OCT images from 80 histologically confirmed AK lesions was used to test the performance of a previous validated artificial intelligence (AI)-based LC-OCT assessment algorithm. AI-based PRO score assessment was compared to the imaging experts\u2019 visual score. Additionally, undulation of the DEJ, the number of protrusions detected within the image, and the maximum depth of the protrusions were computed. Our results show that AI-automated PRO grading is highly comparable to the visual score, with an agreement of 71.3% for the lesions evaluated. Furthermore, this AI-based assessment was significantly faster than the regular visual PRO score assessment. The results confirm our previous findings of the pilot study in a larger cohort that the AI-based grading of LC-OCT images is a reliable and fast tool to optimize the efficiency of visual PRO score grading. This technology has the potential to improve the accuracy and speed of AK diagnosis and may lead to better clinical outcomes for patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15184457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T10:09:50Z","timestamp":1694081390000},"page":"4457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Innovation in Actinic Keratosis Assessment: Artificial Intelligence-Based Approach to LC-OCT PRO Score Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Fabia","family":"Daxenberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4935-9877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximilian","family":"Deu\u00dfing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8014-4152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quirine","family":"Eijkenboom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Gust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janis","family":"Thamm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital, University of Augsburg, 86179 Augsburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1002-8133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"French","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6099-7418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Welzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital, University of Augsburg, 86179 Augsburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1470-7619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Schuh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital, University of Augsburg, 86179 Augsburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elke","family":"Sattler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1002","article-title":"Nonmelanoma skin cancer\u2014From actinic keratosis to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Schmitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"JDDG J. 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