{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T04:06:23Z","timestamp":1792641983525,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":284,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Northern Border University, Arar, KSA","award":["NBU-FFR-2023-0035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NBU-FFR-2023-0035"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lung cancer (LC) is the second-most prevalent tumor worldwide. According to the most recent GLOBOCAN data, over 2.2 million LC cases were reported in 2020, with an estimated new death incident of 1,796,144 lung cancer cases. Genetic, lifestyle, and environmental exposure play an important role as risk factors for LC. E-cigarette, or vaping, products (EVPs) use has been dramatically increasing world-wide. There is growing concern that EVPs consumption may increase the risk of LC because EVPs contain several proven carcinogenic compounds. However, the relationship between EVPs and LC is not well established. E-cigarette contains nicotine derivatives (e.g., nitrosnornicotine, nitrosamine ketone), heavy metals (including organometal compounds), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and flavorings (aldehydes and complex organics). Several environmental toxicants have been proven to contribute to LC. Proven and plausible environmental carcinogens could be physical (ionizing and non-ionizing radiation), chemicals (such as asbestos, formaldehyde, and dioxins), and heavy metals (such as cobalt, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel). Air pollution, especially particulate matter (PM) emitted from vehicles and industrial exhausts, is linked with LC. Although extensive environmental exposure prevention policies and smoking reduction strategies have been adopted globally, the dangers remain. Combined, both EVPs and toxic environmental exposures may demonstrate significant synergistic oncogenicity. This review aims to analyze the current publications on the importance of the relationship between EVPs consumption and environmental toxicants in the pathogenesis of LC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15184525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T21:41:12Z","timestamp":1694554872000},"page":"4525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Vaping, Environmental Toxicants Exposure, and Lung Cancer Risk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2810-3613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaimaa A.","family":"Shehata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9267-3787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eman A.","family":"Toraih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"},{"name":"Genetics Unit, Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5540-0819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ezzat A.","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abeer M.","family":"Hagras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekramy","family":"Elmorsy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar 73213, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1252-8403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manal S.","family":"Fawzy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar 73213, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barta, J.A., Powell, C.A., and Wisnivesky, J.P. (2019). Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer. Ann. Glob. Health, 85.","DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.2419"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2022.05.011","article-title":"Trends in Age- and Sex-Specific Lung Cancer Mortality in Europe and Northern America: Analysis of Vital Registration Data from the WHO Mortality Database between 2000 and 2017","volume":"171","author":"Baum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-021-02108-2","article-title":"Mapping of Global, Regional and National Incidence, Mortality and Mortality-to-Incidence Ratio of Lung Cancer in 2020 and 2050","volume":"27","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"45","article-title":"Epidemiology of Lung Cancer","volume":"25","author":"Thandra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Contemp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21654","article-title":"Cancer Statistics, 2021","volume":"71","author":"Siegel","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Lung Screening Trial Research Team (2011). Reduced Lung-Cancer Mortality with Low-Dose Computed Tomographic Screening. N. Engl. J. Med., 365.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1102873"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-216555","article-title":"International Differences in Lung Cancer Survival by Sex, Histological Type and Stage at Diagnosis: An ICBP SURVMARK-2 Study","volume":"77","author":"Araghi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smok-Kalwat, J., Mertowska, P., Mertowski, S., Smolak, K., Kozi\u0144ska, A., Kosza\u0142ka, F., Kwa\u015bniewski, W., Grywalska, E., and G\u00f3\u017ad\u017a, S. (2023). The Importance of the Immune System and Molecular Cell Signaling Pathways in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Lung Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021506"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.21037\/tlcr.2019.03.05","article-title":"Environmental and Occupational Determinants of Lung Cancer","volume":"8","author":"Shankar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Lung Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benusiglio, P.R., Fallet, V., Sanchis-Borja, M., Coulet, F., and Cadranel, J. (2021). Lung Cancer Is Also a Hereditary Disease. Eur. Respir. Rev., 30.","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0045-2021"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Pass, H.I., Ball, D., and Scagliotti, G.V. (2018). IASLC Thoracic Oncology, Elsevier. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06358","article-title":"Characterizing the Cancer Genome in Lung Adenocarcinoma","volume":"450","author":"Weir","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2012). Comprehensive Genomic Characterization of Squamous Cell Lung Cancers. Nature, 489, 519\u2013525.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11404"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2020.12.030","article-title":"Vaping and Lung Cancer\u2014A Review of Current Data and Recommendations","volume":"153","author":"Kapoor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00302-2","article-title":"Tackling the Global Burden of Lung Disease through Prevention and Early Diagnosis","volume":"10","author":"Agusti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ccm.0000906724.65087.12","article-title":"247: Epidemiology and Prevalenceof Lung Disease Among E-Cigarette Users in the Usa: A National Study","volume":"51","author":"Kuditipudi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cullen, K.A. (2018). Notes from the Field: Use of Electronic Cigarettes and Any Tobacco Product Among Middle and High School Students\u2014United States, 2011\u20132018. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 67.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6745a5"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cornelius, M.E. (2020). Tobacco Product Use Among Adults\u2014United States, 2019. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 69.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6946a4"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6706a5","article-title":"Reasons for Electronic Cigarette Use Among Middle and High School Students\u2014National Youth Tobacco Survey, United States, 2016","volume":"67","author":"Tsai","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gentzke, A.S. (2020). Tobacco Product Use Among Middle and High School Students\u2014United States, 2020. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 69.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6950a1"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr1915313","article-title":"Syndromic Surveillance for E-Cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use\u2013Associated Lung Injury","volume":"382","author":"Hartnett","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrella, F., Rizzo, S., Masiero, M., Marzorati, C., Casiraghi, M., Bertolaccini, L., Mazzella, A., Pravettoni, G., and Spaggiari, L. (2023). Clinical Impact of Vaping on Cardiopulmonary Function and Lung Cancer Development: An Update. Eur. J. Cancer Prev.","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0000000000000797"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muthumalage, T., Friedman, M.R., McGraw, M.D., Ginsberg, G., Friedman, A.E., and Rahman, I. (2020). Chemical Constituents Involved in E-Cigarette, or Vaping Product Use-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI). Toxics, 8.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.01.14.905539"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2021.107838","article-title":"Toxicology of Flavoring- and Cannabis-Containing e-Liquids Used in Electronic Delivery Systems","volume":"224","author":"Stefaniak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Jimenez, N., Gray, N., Pappas, R.S., Halstead, M., Lewis, E., Valentin-Blasini, L., Watson, C., and Blount, B. (2021). Analysis of Toxic Metals in Aerosols from Devices Associated with Electronic Cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use Associated Lung Injury. Toxics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics9100240"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13080","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b05145","article-title":"Flavoring Compounds Dominate Toxic Aldehyde Production during E-Cigarette Vaping","volume":"50","author":"Khlystov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiore, M., Oliveri Conti, G., Caltabiano, R., Buffone, A., Zuccarello, P., Cormaci, L., Cannizzaro, M.A., and Ferrante, M. (2019). Role of Emerging Environmental Risk Factors in Thyroid Cancer: A Brief Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16071185"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kruger, E., Toraih, E.A., Hussein, M.H., Shehata, S.A., Waheed, A., Fawzy, M.S., and Kandil, E. (2022). Thyroid Carcinoma: A Review for 25 Years of Environmental Risk Factors Studies. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14246172"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2023.02.006","article-title":"The Impact of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds and Carcinogens in Wastewater: Implications for Breast Cancer","volume":"209","author":"Fourie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2022.110077","article-title":"An Updated Lymphohematopoietic and Bladder Cancers Risk Evaluation for Occupational and Environmental Exposures to 1,3-Butadiene","volume":"366","author":"Erraguntla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem.-Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117940","article-title":"Environmental Arsenic Exposure and Its Contribution to Human Diseases, Toxicity Mechanism and Management","volume":"289","author":"Rahaman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2021-0168","article-title":"Arsenic in Drinking Water and Kidney Cancer: A Systematic Review","volume":"38","author":"Jaafarzadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-022-01926-9","article-title":"Lung Cancer Risk in Workers Occupationally Exposed to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons with Emphasis on the Role of DNA Repair Gene","volume":"96","author":"Moubarz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.02.002","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms Linking Environmental Toxicants to Cancer Development: Significance for Protective Interventions with Polyphenols","volume":"80","author":"Lagoa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/074823379200800306","article-title":"The US Environmental Protection Agency\u2019s Risk Assessment Guidelines: Current Status and Future Directions","volume":"8","author":"Farland","year":"1992","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2019). International Agency for Research on Cancer IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans. IARC Monogr. Meet., 124, 1\u20134."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2019.01.002","article-title":"Metal Carcinogen Exposure Induces Cancer Stem Cell-like Property through Epigenetic Reprograming: A Novel Mechanism of Metal Carcinogenesis","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2019.10.001","article-title":"Lung Cancer 2020: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention","volume":"41","author":"Bade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chest Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djm004","article-title":"Fifty-Year Study of Lung and Bladder Cancer Mortality in Chile Related to Arsenic in Drinking Water","volume":"99","author":"Marshall","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300926","article-title":"Radon, Smoking, and Lung Cancer: The Need to Refocus Radon Control Policy","volume":"103","author":"Lantz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jncc.2022.09.004","article-title":"Etiology of Lung Cancer: Evidence from Epidemiologic Studies","volume":"2","author":"Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Cent."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.12.655","article-title":"Distribution, Risk Factors, and Temporal Trends for Lung Cancer Incidence and Mortality: A Global Analysis","volume":"161","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1916623","article-title":"The Effect of Advances in Lung-Cancer Treatment on Population Mortality","volume":"383","author":"Howlader","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anttila, S., and Boffetta, P. (2020). Occupational Cancers, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30766-0"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14338-3","article-title":"Estimates of Global Mortality Attributable to Smoking in 2000","volume":"362","author":"Ezzati","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"S440","article-title":"Occupational Exposure and Lung Cancer","volume":"5","author":"Spyratos","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159890","article-title":"Histological Types of Lung Cancer Attributable to Fine Particulate, Smoking, and Genetic Susceptibility","volume":"858","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larsson, S.C., Carter, P., Kar, S., Vithayathil, M., Mason, A.M., Micha\u00eblsson, K., and Burgess, S. (2020). Smoking, Alcohol Consumption, and Cancer: A Mendelian Randomisation Study in UK Biobank and International Genetic Consortia Participants. PLoS Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003178"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1080\/10408444.2019.1700210","article-title":"Longitudinal Relationships between Lung Cancer Mortality Rates, Smoking, and Ambient Air Quality: A Comprehensive Review and Analysis","volume":"49","author":"Lipfert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2012). Personal habits and indoor combustions. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum., 100 Pt E, 1\u2013538."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114638","article-title":"Time Trend of Exposure to Secondhand Tobacco Smoke and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons between 1995 and 2019 in Germany\u2014Showcases for Successful European Legislation","volume":"216","author":"Burkhardt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115572","article-title":"Pre- and Postnatal Exposure to Secondhand Tobacco Smoke and Cardiometabolic Risk at 12 Years: Periods of Susceptibility","volume":"224","author":"Mourino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2023, June 21). Some Nitrobenzenes and other Industrial Chemicals. Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2020. (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, No. 123.), Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK561907\/."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106150","article-title":"Inflammation Response, Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage Caused by Urban Air Pollution Exposure Increase in the Lack of DNA Repair XPC Protein","volume":"145","author":"Costanzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0000000000000630","article-title":"The 2015 World Health Organization Classification of Lung Tumors: Impact of Genetic, Clinical and Radiologic Advances Since the 2004 Classification","volume":"10","author":"Travis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reckamp, K.L. (2016). Lung Cancer: Treatment and Research, Springer International Publishing. Cancer Treatment and Research.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-40389-2"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e165","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)71180-5","article-title":"Transformation from Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer to Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Molecular Drivers and Cells of Origin","volume":"16","author":"Oser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200247","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.200247","article-title":"Progress towards Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Models That Represent Clinical Evolutionary Trajectories","volume":"11","author":"Hynds","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Curado, M.-P., Edwards, B., Shin, H.R., Storm, H., Ferlay, J., Heanue, M., and Boyle, P. (2007). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Volume IX, IARC Press, International Agency for Research on Cancer."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117325","article-title":"Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"254","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-017-0063-y","article-title":"Cell Death-Based Treatment of Lung Adenocarcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Denisenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2022.11.022","article-title":"Molecular Biomarkers of Disease Outcomes and Mechanisms of Acquired Resistance to First-Line Osimertinib in Advanced EGFR-Mutant Lung Cancers","volume":"18","author":"Choudhury","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2005.06.030","article-title":"Cytogenetic and Molecular Aspects of Lung Cancer","volume":"239","author":"Panani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ngamwong, Y., Tangamornsuksan, W., Lohitnavy, O., Chaiyakunapruk, N., Scholfield, C.N., Reisfeld, B., and Lohitnavy, M. (2015). Additive Synergism between Asbestos and Smoking in Lung Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135798"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1667\/RR1907.1","article-title":"Carcinogenic Interactions between a Single Inhalation of 239PuO2 and Chronic Exposure to Cigarette Smoke in Rats","volume":"173","author":"Mauderly","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040119-094043","article-title":"Effects of Electronic Cigarettes on Indoor Air Quality and Health","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nts165","article-title":"In Vitro Particle Size Distributions in Electronic and Conventional Cigarette Aerosols Suggest Comparable Deposition Patterns","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2017.1300231","article-title":"Environmental Pollution and Emission Factors of Electronic Cigarettes, Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco Products, and Conventional Cigarettes","volume":"51","author":"Ruprecht","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.05.015","article-title":"Fine and Ultrafine Particles Concentrations in Vape Shops","volume":"211","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105769","article-title":"Influence of Metals from E-Waste Dismantling on Telomerelength and Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number in People Living near Recycling Sites","volume":"140","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beutel, M.W., Harmon, T.C., Novotny, T.E., Mock, J., Gilmore, M.E., Hart, S.C., Traina, S., Duttagupta, S., Brooks, A., and Jerde, C.L. (2021). A Review of Environmental Pollution from the Use and Disposal of Cigarettes and Electronic Cigarettes: Contaminants, Sources, and Impacts. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su132312994"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304699","article-title":"Alert: Public Health Implications of Electronic Cigarette Waste","volume":"108","author":"Hendlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health (2023, June 21). E-Cigarette Use among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538680\/."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2023, June 21). E-Cigarette, or Vaping, Products Visual Dictionary, Available online: https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/103783."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"CD000146","article-title":"Nicotine Replacement Therapy versus Control for Smoking Cessation","volume":"5","author":"Chepkin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107117","article-title":"E-Cigarette Device and Liquid Characteristics and E-Cigarette Dependence: A Pilot Study of Pod-Based and Disposable E-Cigarette Users","volume":"124","author":"Do","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.6b00188","article-title":"Chemical Composition of Aerosol from an E-Cigarette: A Quantitative Comparison with Cigarette Smoke","volume":"29","author":"Margham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntac211","article-title":"Comparing POD and MOD ENDS Users\u2019 Product Characteristics, Use Behaviors, and Nicotine Exposure","volume":"25","author":"Felicione","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-016-0447-z","article-title":"Basic Science of Electronic Cigarettes: Assessment in Cell Culture and in Vivo Models","volume":"17","author":"Hiemstra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.04.011","article-title":"The Rise of E-Cigarettes, Pod Mod Devices, and JUUL among Youth: Factors Influencing Use, Health Implications, and Downstream Effects","volume":"201","author":"Fadus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol. Depend."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sears, C.G., Hart, J.L., Walker, K.L., and Robertson, R.M. (2017). Generally Recognized as Safe: Uncertainty Surrounding E-Cigarette Flavoring Safety. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14101274"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000896","article-title":"Vaping in Adolescents: Epidemiology and Respiratory Harm","volume":"32","author":"Hamberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa010","article-title":"Youth Vaping and Tobacco Use in Context in the United States: Results From the 2018 National Youth Tobacco Survey","volume":"23","author":"Glasser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"E1560","article-title":"E-Cigarette Smoke Damages DNA and Reduces Repair Activity in Mouse Lung, Heart, and Bladder as Well as in Human Lung and Bladder Cells","volume":"115","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(96)00100-2","article-title":"Long-Term Effects of Inhaled Nicotine","volume":"58","author":"Waldum","year":"1996","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0b013e3283477533","article-title":"Lung Cancer and Its Association with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Update on Nexus of Epigenetics","volume":"17","author":"Sundar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19035","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51643-6","article-title":"E-Cigarette Flavored Pods Induce Inflammation, Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction, and DNA Damage in Lung Epithelial Cells and Monocytes","volume":"9","author":"Muthumalage","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aggarwal, B.B., Sung, B., and Gupta, S.C. (2014). Inflammation and Cancer, Springer. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-0348-0837-8"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.9b00410","article-title":"Determination of Thermal Decomposition Products Generated from E-Cigarettes","volume":"33","author":"Uchiyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"8","article-title":"Review: Acetaldehyde and Formaldehyde: Is There a Cancer Risk for Man?","volume":"1","author":"Roe","year":"1992","journal-title":"Indoor Environ."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.104863","article-title":"Carcinogenicity and Chronic Toxicity of Acrolein in Rats and Mice by Two-Year Inhalation Study","volume":"121","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smets, J., Baeyens, F., Chaumont, M., Adriaens, K., and Van Gucht, D. (2019). When Less Is More: Vaping Low-Nicotine vs. High-Nicotine E-Liquid Is Compensated by Increased Wattage and Higher Liquid Consumption. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16050723"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers6021138","article-title":"Mechanisms of Cancer Induction by Tobacco-Specific NNK and NNN","volume":"6","author":"Xue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21727","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1911321116","article-title":"Electronic-Cigarette Smoke Induces Lung Adenocarcinoma and Bladder Urothelial Hyperplasia in Mice","volume":"116","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntn004","article-title":"Evidence for Endogenous Formation of N\u2032-Nitrosonornicotine in Some Long-Term Nicotine Patch Users","volume":"11","author":"Stepanov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henningfield, J.E., London, E.D., and Pogun, S. (2009). Nicotine Psychopharmacology, Springer. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69248-5"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-1107","article-title":"Nicotine, Carcinogen, and Toxin Exposure in Long-Term E-Cigarette and Nicotine Replacement Therapy Users","volume":"166","author":"Shahab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.2c00076","article-title":"Emission and Gas\/Particle Partitioning Characteristics of Nicotine in Aerosols for Electronic Cigarettes","volume":"35","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"(2023, June 21). Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) Toxicological Profile for Propylene Glycol, Available online: http:\/\/medbox.iiab.me\/modules\/en-cdc\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/substances\/toxsubstance.asp_toxid=240."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-020-00772-w","article-title":"Review of Health Consequences of Electronic Cigarettes and the Outbreak of Electronic Cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use-Associated Lung Injury","volume":"16","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntu078","article-title":"Carbonyl Compounds in Electronic Cigarette Vapors: Effects of Nicotine Solvent and Battery Output Voltage","volume":"16","author":"Kosmider","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L957","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00123.2020","article-title":"E-Cigarette Constituents Propylene Glycol and Vegetable Glycerin Decrease Glucose Uptake and Its Metabolism in Airway Epithelial Cells in Vitro","volume":"319","author":"Woodall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9644","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b01741","article-title":"Emissions from Electronic Cigarettes: Key Parameters Affecting the Release of Harmful Chemicals","volume":"50","author":"Sleiman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.7b00116","article-title":"Effects of Solvent and Temperature on Free Radical Formation in Electronic Cigarette Aerosols","volume":"31","author":"Bitzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.9b00490","article-title":"In Vitro Toxicity and Chemical Characterization of Aerosol Derived from Electronic Cigarette Humectants Using a Newly Developed Exposure System","volume":"33","author":"Escobar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L468","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00157.2022","article-title":"E-Cigarette Aerosols of Propylene Glycol Impair BK Channel Activity and Parameters of Mucociliary Function","volume":"324","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.01.002","article-title":"Methylglyoxal, a Potent Inducer of AGEs, Connects between Diabetes and Cancer","volume":"148","author":"Bellier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2017.05.010","article-title":"Methylglyoxal-Derived Stress: An Emerging Biological Factor Involved in the Onset and Progression of Cancer","volume":"49","author":"Nokin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"2075","article-title":"Electronic Cigarettes Promotes the Lung Colonization of Human Breast Cancer in NOD-SCID-Gamma Mice","volume":"13","author":"Huynh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1080\/10937404.2022.2124563","article-title":"Pulmonary Effects of E-Liquid Flavors: A Systematic Review","volume":"25","author":"Effah","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part B"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2020.104588","article-title":"Determining the Impact of Flavored E-Liquids on Aldehyde Production during Vaping","volume":"112","author":"Gillman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-19-0400","article-title":"Effects of Electronic Cigarette Constituents on the Human Lung: A Pilot Clinical Trial","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6b00489","article-title":"Aldehyde Detection in Electronic Cigarette Aerosols","volume":"2","author":"Ogunwale","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yogeswaran, S., Muthumalage, T., and Rahman, I. (2021). Comparative Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Content among Various Flavored Disposable Vape Bars, Including Cool (Iced) Flavored Bars. Toxics, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202108.0122.v1"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2009.10.022","article-title":"Current Concepts on Oxidative\/Carbonyl Stress, Inflammation and Epigenetics in Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"254","author":"Yao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.03.034","article-title":"ROS Function in Redox Signaling and Oxidative Stress","volume":"24","author":"Schieber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L135","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00170.2016","article-title":"E-Cigarette Use Results in Suppression of Immune and Inflammatory-Response Genes in Nasal Epithelial Cells Similar to Cigarette Smoke","volume":"311","author":"Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21089","article-title":"Free Fatty Acids Promote Degranulation of Azurophil Granules in Neutrophils by Inducing Production of NADPH Oxidase\u2013Derived Reactive Oxygen Species in Cows with Subclinical Ketosis","volume":"105","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2018.06.010","article-title":"Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition of A549 Lung Cancer Cells Exposed to Electronic Cigarettes","volume":"122","author":"Zahedi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2020.115238","article-title":"Menthol in Electronic Cigarettes: A Contributor to Respiratory Disease?","volume":"407","author":"Nair","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2014.08.016","article-title":"Altered Calcium Signaling in Cancer Cells","volume":"1848","author":"Stewart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)\u2014Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L470","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00304.2018","article-title":"Cinnamaldehyde in Flavored E-Cigarette Liquids Temporarily Suppresses Bronchial Epithelial Cell Ciliary Motility by Dysregulation of Mitochondrial Function","volume":"316","author":"Clapp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.02.017","article-title":"U.S. Cannabis Legalization and Use of Vaping and Edible Products among Youth","volume":"177","author":"Borodovsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol. Depend."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2017.12.013","article-title":"Cannabis Use, Lung Cancer, and Related Issues","volume":"13","author":"Jett","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fataar, F., and Hammond, D. (2019). The Prevalence of Vaping and Smoking as Modes of Delivery for Nicotine and Cannabis among Youth in Canada, England and the United States. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16214111"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.3109\/08958370902748559","article-title":"Cannabis Smoke Condensate III: The Cannabinoid Content of Vaporised Cannabis Sativa","volume":"21","author":"Pomahacova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Love, C.A., Kim, H.-Y.H., Tallman, K.A., Clapp, P.W., Porter, N.A., and Jaspers, I. (2023). Vaping Induced Cannabidiol (CBD) Oxidation Product CBD Quinone Forms Protein Adducts with KEAP1 and Activates KEAP1-Nrf2 Genes. Chem. Res. Toxicol.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.3c00038"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leigh, N.J., and Goniewicz, M.L. (2020). Acute Effect of Electronic Cigarette-Generated Aerosol from Flavored CBD-Containing Refill Solutions on Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Front. Physiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.592321"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2019.114713","article-title":"Cannabidiol Differentially Regulates Basal and LPS-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Macrophages, Lung Epithelial Cells, and Fibroblasts","volume":"382","author":"Muthumalage","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29036","article-title":"Cannabis Smoking and Lung Cancer Risk: Pooled Analysis in the International Lung Cancer Consortium","volume":"136","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.116.238717","article-title":"Thermolytic Degradation of Synthetic Cannabinoids: Chemical Exposures and Pharmacological Consequences","volume":"361","author":"Thomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marrocco, A., Singh, D., Christiani, D., and Demokritou, P. (2022). E-Cigarette (E-Cig) Liquid Composition and Operational Voltage Define the In Vitro Toxicity of \u03948Tetrahydrocannabinol\/Vitamin E Acetate (\u03948THC\/VEA) E-Cig Aerosols. Toxicol. Sci. Off. J. Soc. Toxicol., 187.","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfac047"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-2908","article-title":"An Emerging Crisis: Vaping-Associated Pulmonary Injury","volume":"172","author":"Hooper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellington, S. (2020). Update: Product, Substance-Use, and Demographic Characteristics of Hospitalized Patients in a Nationwide Outbreak of E-Cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use\u2013Associated Lung Injury\u2014United States, August 2019\u2013January 2020. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 69.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6902e2"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1916433","article-title":"Vitamin E Acetate in Bronchoalveolar-Lavage Fluid Associated with EVALI","volume":"382","author":"Blount","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2022.2160342","article-title":"E-Cigarette or Vaping-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI): A Review of International Case Reports from Outside the United States of America","volume":"61","author":"Sund","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6349","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1920925117","article-title":"Potential for Release of Pulmonary Toxic Ketene from Vaping Pyrolysis of Vitamin E Acetate","volume":"117","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_139","unstructured":"Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Division on Earth and Life Studies, and National Research Council (2014). Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 16."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.020","article-title":"Effect of Flavoring Chemicals on Free Radical Formation in Electronic Cigarette Aerosols","volume":"120","author":"Bitzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2020.115354","article-title":"Ethyl Maltol Enhances Copper Mediated Cytotoxicity in Lung Epithelial Cells","volume":"410","author":"Durrani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E6152","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1804869115","article-title":"Aldehydes Are the Predominant Forces Inducing DNA Damage and Inhibiting DNA Repair in Tobacco Smoke Carcinogenesis","volume":"115","author":"Weng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.1c00309","article-title":"Formation of Redox-Active Duroquinone from Vaping of Vitamin E Acetate Contributes to Oxidative Lung Injury","volume":"35","author":"Canchola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muthumalage, T., Lucas, J.H., Wang, Q., Lamb, T., McGraw, M.D., and Rahman, I. (2020). Pulmonary Toxicity and Inflammatory Response of Vape Cartridges Containing Medium-Chain Triglycerides Oil and Vitamin E Acetate: Implications in the Pathogenesis of EVALI. Toxics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics8030046"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jit\u0103reanu, A., Cara, I.G., Sava, A., M\u00e2r\u021bu, I., Caba, I.-C., and Agoroaei, L. (2022). The Impact of the Storage Conditions and Type of Clearomizers on the Increase of Heavy Metal Levels in Electronic Cigarette Liquids Retailed in Romania. Toxics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10030126"},{"key":"ref_146","unstructured":"Din, A.E., and Mohsen, S.-M. (2020). The Flavoring Ethyl Maltol, Found in E-Cigarettes, Mediates Metal Cellular Toxicity. [Ph.D. Thesis, Johns Hopkins University]."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.04.035","article-title":"Detection and Quantitative Determination of Heavy Metals in Electronic Cigarette Refill Liquids Using Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry","volume":"116","author":"Kamilari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gray, N., Halstead, M., Gonzalez-Jimenez, N., Valentin-Blasini, L., Watson, C., and Pappas, R.S. (2019). Analysis of Toxic Metals in Liquid from Electronic Cigarettes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16224450"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.04.025","article-title":"The Transfer Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Electronic Cigarette Liquid","volume":"174","author":"Na","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntw128","article-title":"Real-Time Measurement of Electronic Cigarette Aerosol Size Distribution and Metals Content Analysis","volume":"18","author":"Mikheev","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-018-0436-0","article-title":"Comparative Mouse Lung Injury by Nickel Nanoparticles with Differential Surface Modification","volume":"17","author":"Mo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111557","article-title":"Exposure to E-Cigarette Aerosol over Two Months Induces Accumulation of Neurotoxic Metals and Alteration of Essential Metals in Mouse Brain","volume":"202","author":"Re","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126602","article-title":"Association of Electronic Cigarette Use with Lead, Cadmium, Barium, and Antimony Body Burden: NHANES 2015\u20132016","volume":"62","author":"Wiener","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fowles, J., Barreau, T., and Wu, N. (2020). Cancer and Non-Cancer Risk Concerns from Metals in Electronic Cigarette Liquids and Aerosols. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17062146"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036001","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP5686","article-title":"Metal\/Metalloid Levels in Electronic Cigarette Liquids, Aerosols, and Human Biosamples: A Systematic Review","volume":"128","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Wise, J.T.F., Wang, L., Schumann, K., Zhang, Z., and Shi, X. (2017). Dual Roles of Oxidative Stress in Metal Carcinogenesis. JEP(T), 36.","DOI":"10.1615\/JEnvironPatholToxicolOncol.2017025229"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.09.026","article-title":"E-Cigarettes as a Source of Toxic and Potentially Carcinogenic Metals","volume":"152","author":"Hess","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000239724.89630.23","article-title":"Lung Cancer among Nonsmokers","volume":"17","author":"Blair","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5626","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-09-0376","article-title":"Lung Cancer in Never Smokers: Clinical Epidemiology and Environmental Risk Factors","volume":"15","author":"Samet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.128937","article-title":"Air Pollution: A Culprit of Lung Cancer","volume":"434","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12227","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-022-07897-x","article-title":"Carcinogenic Effects of Heavy Metals by Inducing Dysregulation of MicroRNAs: A Review","volume":"49","author":"Aalami","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws151","article-title":"Previous Lung Diseases and Lung Cancer Risk: A Pooled Analysis from the International Lung Cancer Consortium","volume":"176","author":"Brenner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porro, C., La Torre, M.E., Tartaglia, N., Benameur, T., Santini, M., Ambrosi, A., Messina, G., Cibelli, G., Fiorelli, A., and Polito, R. (2022). The Potential Role of Nutrition in Lung Cancer Establishment and Progression. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12020270"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2022.10.002","article-title":"SCLC: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Genetic Susceptibility, Molecular Pathology, Screening, and Early Detection","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, J., Tu, Z., Chen, H., and Liu, Z. (2021). Identifying Modifiable Risk Factors of Lung Cancer: Indications from Mendelian Randomization. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258498"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01438-6","article-title":"The Global Burden of Cancer Attributable to Risk Factors, 2010\u20132019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"400","author":"Tran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21138","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules201219753","article-title":"Antioxidant Phytochemicals for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhai, T., Li, S., Hu, W., Li, D., and Leng, S. (2018). Potential Micronutrients and Phytochemicals against the Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Lung Cancer. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10070813"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6169","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-11-3265","article-title":"Molecular Epidemiology of EGFR and KRAS Mutations in 3,026 Lung Adenocarcinomas: Higher Susceptibility of Women to Smoking-Related KRAS-Mutant Cancers","volume":"18","author":"Dogan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag0299","article-title":"Mutational Signatures Associated with Tobacco Smoking in Human Cancer","volume":"354","author":"Alexandrov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaa234","article-title":"Tracing Lung Cancer Risk Factors Through Mutational Signatures in Never-Smokers: The Sherlock-Lung Study","volume":"190","author":"Landi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2022.11.030","article-title":"Tobacco Smoking-Related Mutational Signatures in Classifying Smoking-Associated and Nonsmoking-Associated NSCLC","volume":"18","author":"Ernst","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-327209","article-title":"Cancer as Microenvironmental, Systemic and Environmental Diseases: Opportunity for Transdisciplinary Microbiomics Science","volume":"71","author":"Inamura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70358-4","article-title":"A Review of Human Carcinogens\u2014Part D: Radiation","volume":"10","author":"Baan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HP.0000356672.44380.b7","article-title":"NCRP Report No. 160, Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States, Medical Exposure\u2014Are We Doing Less with More, and Is There a Role for Health Physicists?","volume":"97","author":"Schauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Phys."},{"key":"ref_176","unstructured":"Spencer, J.E. (1992). Radon Gas: A Geologic Hazard in Arizona, University of Arizona. Available online: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10150\/628821."},{"key":"ref_177","unstructured":"Report No. 160\u2014Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States (2009), NCRP. Available online: https:\/\/ncrponline.org\/shop\/reports\/report-no-160-ionizing-radiation-exposure-of-the-population-of-the-united-states\/."},{"key":"ref_178","unstructured":"Akerblom, G., and Wilson, C. (1982). Radon\u2014Geological Aspects of an Environmental Problem: Environmental Radon Investigation in Sweden\u2014Regional Environmental Documentation of Natural Radiation in Sweden, Sveriges Geologiska Undersoekning."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.1.42","article-title":"Case-Control Study on Lung Cancer and Residential Radon in Western Germany","volume":"153","author":"Kreienbrock","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_180","unstructured":"Zeeb, H., Shannoun, F., and World Health Organization (2009). WHO Handbook on Indoor Radon: A Public Health Perspective, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/44149."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riudavets, M., Garcia de Herreros, M., Besse, B., and Mezquita, L. (2022). Radon and Lung Cancer: Current Trends and Future Perspectives. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14133142"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38308.477650.63","article-title":"Radon in Homes and Risk of Lung Cancer: Collaborative Analysis of Individual Data from 13 European Case-Control Studies","volume":"330","author":"Darby","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198406073102301","article-title":"Uranium Mining and Lung Cancer in Navajo Men","volume":"310","author":"Samet","year":"1984","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_184","first-page":"5","article-title":"Lung Cancer in the Schneeberg Mines: A Reappraisal of the Data Reported by Harting and Hesse in 1879","volume":"37","author":"Greenberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6603403","article-title":"Lung Cancer Risk among German Male Uranium Miners: A Cohort Study, 1946\u20131998","volume":"95","author":"Grosche","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2019.07.003","article-title":"Residential Radon, Genetic Polymorphisms in DNA Damage and Repair-Related","volume":"135","author":"Kelsey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14024","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140714024","article-title":"The Cellular and Molecular Carcinogenic Effects of Radon Exposure: A Review","volume":"14","author":"Robertson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/18.6.1251","article-title":"Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Analysis of Tumorigenic Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells Induced by Radon Alpha Particles","volume":"18","author":"Weaver","year":"1997","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2016.12.004","article-title":"Nucleoplasmic Bridges as a Biomarker of DNA Damage Exposed to Radon","volume":"814","author":"Meenakshi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mutat. Res.\/Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2019.04.002","article-title":"Indoor Radon Exposure Increases Tumor Mutation Burden in Never-Smoker Patients with Lung Adenocarcinoma","volume":"131","author":"Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2015.08.009","article-title":"Down-Regulation of Let-7 MicroRNA Increased K-Ras Expression in Lung Damage Induced by Radon","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bersimbaev, R., Pulliero, A., Bulgakova, O., Kussainova, A., Aripova, A., and Izzotti, A. (2020). Radon Biomonitoring and MicroRNA in Lung Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21062154"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5718","article-title":"MicroRNAs in Cancer Cell Response to Ionizing Radiation","volume":"21","author":"Czochor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2019.05.050","article-title":"MicroRNA-9 Enhanced Radiosensitivity and Its Mechanism of DNA Methylation in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"710","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2019.1664011","article-title":"Expression Profiles of Long Non-Coding RNA in Mouse Lung Tissue Exposed to Radon","volume":"82","author":"Nie","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_196","unstructured":"IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2023, June 21). Polychlorinated Dibenzo-para-dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans. Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1997. (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, No. 69.), Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK409980\/."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2014.10.004","article-title":"Risk of Second Non-Breast Cancer after Radiotherapy for Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 762,468 Patients","volume":"114","author":"Grantzau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3054","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19930515)71:10<3054::AID-CNCR2820711027>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Lung Cancer after Radiation Therapy for Breast Cancer","volume":"71","author":"Neugut","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.11.149","article-title":"Fine Particulate Matter Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in Human SH-SY5Y Cells","volume":"218","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33901","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-3344-9","article-title":"Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Respiratory Impact on Humans and Animals","volume":"25","author":"Losacco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114996","article-title":"Association of Outdoor Air Pollution, Lifestyle, Genetic Factors with the Risk of Lung Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"218","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2018.12.033","article-title":"The Relationship Between Air Pollution and Lung Cancer in Nonsmokers in Taiwan","volume":"14","author":"Tseng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30505-6","article-title":"Estimates and 25-Year Trends of the Global Burden of Disease Attributable to Ambient Air Pollution: An Analysis of Data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015","volume":"389","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05874-3","article-title":"Lung Adenocarcinoma Promotion by Air Pollutants","volume":"616","author":"Hill","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-012-0130-8","article-title":"Indoor Air Pollution and Risk of Lung Cancer among Chinese Female Non-Smokers","volume":"24","author":"Mu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, H., Li, W., and Wu, J. (2020). Ambient PM2.5 and Annual Lung Cancer Incidence: A Nationwide Study in 295 Chinese Counties. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051481"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106249","article-title":"Long-Term Low-Level Ambient Air Pollution Exposure and Risk of Lung Cancer\u2014A Pooled Analysis of 7 European Cohorts","volume":"146","author":"Hvidtfeldt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stavroulas, I., Grivas, G., Michalopoulos, P., Liakakou, E., Bougiatioti, A., Kalkavouras, P., Fameli, K.M., Hatzianastassiou, N., Mihalopoulos, N., and Gerasopoulos, E. (2020). Field Evaluation of Low-Cost PM Sensors (Purple Air PA-II) Under Variable Urban Air Quality Conditions, in Greece. Atmosphere, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11090926"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2019-213722","article-title":"Association between Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Lung Cancer","volume":"75","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146427","article-title":"An Investigation into the Impact of Variations of Ambient Air Pollution and Meteorological Factors on Lung Cancer Mortality in Yangtze River Delta","volume":"779","author":"Chung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx166","article-title":"Long-Term PM2.5 Exposure and Respiratory, Cancer, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Older US Adults","volume":"186","author":"Pun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205862","article-title":"Long-Term Exposure to Urban Air Pollution and Mortality in a Cohort of More than a Million Adults in Rome","volume":"121","author":"Cesaroni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70279-1","article-title":"Air Pollution and Lung Cancer Incidence in 17 European Cohorts: Prospective Analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE)","volume":"14","author":"Andersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30255","article-title":"Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter Air Pollution and the Risk of Lung Cancer among Participants of the Canadian National Breast Screening Study","volume":"139","author":"Tomczak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408762","article-title":"Long-Term Ambient Residential Traffic\u2013Related Exposures and Measurement Error\u2013Adjusted Risk of Incident Lung Cancer in the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer","volume":"123","author":"Hart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-00929-x","article-title":"Air Pollution\u2019s Role in the Promotion of Lung Cancer","volume":"616","author":"Balmain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29428","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.5005","article-title":"Exposure to Airborne PM2.5 Suppresses MicroRNA Expression and Deregulates Target Oncogenes That Cause Neoplastic Transformation in NIH3T3 Cells","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1080\/02772248.2017.1413652","article-title":"What Are Heavy Metals? Long-Standing Controversy over the Scientific Use of the Term \u2018Heavy Metals\u2019\u2014Proposal of a Comprehensive Definition","volume":"100","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Environ. Chem."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.3390\/su7022189","article-title":"Bioremediation of Heavy Metals from Soil and Aquatic Environment: An Overview of Principles and Criteria of Fundamental Processes","volume":"7","author":"Dixit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58514","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-21578-z","article-title":"An Overview of the Environmental Pollution and Health Effects Associated with Waste Landfilling and Open Dumping","volume":"29","author":"Siddiqua","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2021.102114","article-title":"Heavy Metal Toxicity, Sources, and Remediation Techniques for Contaminated Water and Soil","volume":"25","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-017-9997-3","article-title":"Blood Concentrations of Lead, Cadmium, Mercury and Their Association with Biomarkers of DNA Oxidative Damage in Preschool Children Living in an e-Waste Recycling Area","volume":"40","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1007\/s40201-021-00654-5","article-title":"Environmental Contamination and Public Health Effects of Electronic Waste: An Overview","volume":"19","author":"Alabi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.2478\/intox-2014-0009","article-title":"Toxicity, Mechanism and Health Effects of Some Heavy Metals","volume":"7","author":"Jaishankar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e463701","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/463701","article-title":"Association between Six Environmental Chemicals and Lung Cancer Incidence in the United States","volume":"2011","author":"Luo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balali-Mood, M., Naseri, K., Tahergorabi, Z., Khazdair, M.R., and Sadeghi, M. (2021). Toxic Mechanisms of Five Heavy Metals: Mercury, Lead, Chromium, Cadmium, and Arsenic. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.643972"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152186","article-title":"Air-Polluted Environmental Heavy Metal Exposure Increase Lung Cancer Incidence and Mortality: A Population-Based Longitudinal Cohort Study","volume":"810","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Genchi, G., Sinicropi, M.S., Lauria, G., Carocci, A., and Catalano, A. (2020). The Effects of Cadmium Toxicity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17113782"},{"key":"ref_229","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2010). Exposure to Cadmium: A Major Public Health Concern, World Health Organization. Available online: www.who.int\/ipcs\/features\/cadmium.pdf."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/10773525.2018.1518745","article-title":"Impact of Occupational Cadmium Exposure on Bone in Sewage Workers","volume":"24","author":"Taha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3211","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0827-z","article-title":"Environmental Exposure to Cadmium\u2014A Risk for Health of the General Population in Industrialized Countries and Preventive Strategies","volume":"25","author":"Mezynska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-015-0621-5","article-title":"Association of Total Cancer and Lung Cancer with Environmental Exposure to Cadmium: The Meta-Analytical Evidence","volume":"26","author":"Nawrot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2014.15.7.2965","article-title":"Association of Cadmium but Not Arsenic Levels in Lung Cancer Tumor Tissue with Smoking, Histopathological Type and Stage","volume":"15","author":"Demir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87844","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-21933-0","article-title":"Combined Effect of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Cadmium on Human Lung Cancer Cells","volume":"29","author":"Ahamed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2009.01.029","article-title":"Role of Oxidative Stress in Cadmium Toxicity and Carcinogenesis","volume":"238","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(03)00305-6","article-title":"Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Cadmium Carcinogenesis","volume":"192","author":"Waisberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57605","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.17745","article-title":"Biological Effects and Epidemiological Consequences of Arsenic Exposure, and Reagents That Can Ameliorate Arsenic Damage in Vivo","volume":"8","author":"Rao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2008.73","article-title":"Increased Lung Cancer Risks Are Similar Whether Arsenic Is Ingested or Inhaled","volume":"19","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/10937404.2021.1898504","article-title":"Arsenic Exposure from Groundwater: Environmental Contamination, Human Health Effects, and Sustainable Solutions","volume":"24","author":"Caixeta","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part B"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Folesani, G., Galetti, M., Petronini, P.G., Mozzoni, P., La Monica, S., Cavallo, D., and Corradi, M. (2023). Interaction between Occupational and Non-Occupational Arsenic Exposure and Tobacco Smoke on Lung Cancerogenesis: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054167"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199201000-00006","article-title":"Synergism between Occupational Arsenic Exposure and Smoking in the Induction of Lung Cancer","volume":"3","author":"Smith","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_242","unstructured":"CDC (2023, April 15). Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Arsine\u2014NIOSH Publications and Products, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/idlh\/7784421.html."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2007.02.007","article-title":"Molecular Processes in Cellular Arsenic Metabolism","volume":"222","author":"Thomas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.09.009","article-title":"Considerations in Deriving Quantitative Cancer Criteria for Inorganic Arsenic Exposure via Inhalation","volume":"74","author":"Lewis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-12-1190","article-title":"Drinking Water Arsenic in Northern Chile: High Cancer Risks 40 Years after Exposure Cessation","volume":"22","author":"Steinmaus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-010-0591-6","article-title":"Lung Function in Adults Following in Utero and Childhood Exposure to Arsenic in Drinking Water: Preliminary Findings","volume":"84","author":"Ferreccio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-14-0059","article-title":"Increased Lung and Bladder Cancer Incidence in Adults after In Utero and Early-Life Arsenic Exposure","volume":"23","author":"Steinmaus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2012.03.032","article-title":"Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage and Repair in Carcinogenesis: Have We Established a Connection?","volume":"327","author":"Georgakilas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, R., Zhao, L., Zhang, X., and Liu, L.-Z. (2023). MiR-218-5p\/EGFR Signaling in Arsenic-Induced Carcinogenesis. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15041204"},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9134","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13327","article-title":"Anti-Tumor Activity of High-Dose EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor and Sequential Docetaxel in Wild Type EGFR Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Nude Mouse Xenografts","volume":"8","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28075","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.8576","article-title":"Tumor-Suppressive MiR-218-5p Inhibits Cancer Cell Proliferation and Migration via EGFR in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115633","article-title":"The Role of PD-1\/PD-L1 Checkpoint in Arsenic Lung Tumorigenesis","volume":"426","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-022-01322-3","article-title":"Metabolic Profiles of Regulatory T Cells and Their Adaptations to the Tumor Microenvironment: Implications for Antitumor Immunity","volume":"15","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2022.116320","article-title":"Particulate Arsenic Trioxide Induces Higher DNA Damage and Reactive Oxygen Species than Soluble Arsenite in Lung Epithelial Cells","volume":"457","author":"Cooper","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.13.132118","article-title":"Asbestos: Use, Bans and Disease Burden in Europe","volume":"92","author":"Kameda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1067\/j.cpradiol.2014.10.002","article-title":"Asbestos-Related Lung Disease: A Pictorial Review","volume":"44","author":"Norbet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Diagn. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/10937404.2011.556051","article-title":"Role of Mutagenicity in Asbestos Fiber-Induced Carcinogenicity and Other Diseases","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part B"},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4997","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S205723","article-title":"Analyzing Biological and Molecular Characteristics and Genomic Damage Induced by Exposure to Asbestos","volume":"11","author":"Ospina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3462","article-title":"Asbestos, Asbestosis, and Cancer, the Helsinki Criteria for Diagnosis and Attribution 2014: Recommendations","volume":"41","author":"Wolff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.3109\/10408444.2012.709821","article-title":"Evaluation of Take Home (Para-Occupational) Exposure to Asbestos and Disease: A Review of the Literature","volume":"42","author":"Donovan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bersimbaev, R., Bulgakova, O., Aripova, A., Kussainova, A., and Ilderbayev, O. (2021). Role of MicroRNAs in Lung Carcinogenesis Induced by Asbestos. J. Pers. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11020097"},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klebe, S., Leigh, J., Henderson, D.W., and Nurminen, M. (2020). Asbestos, Smoking and Lung Cancer: An Update. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17010258"},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201302-0257OC","article-title":"Asbestos, Asbestosis, Smoking, and Lung Cancer. New Findings from the North American Insulator Cohort","volume":"188","author":"Markowitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1549449","article-title":"Asbestos-Related Lung Cancer and Malignant Mesothelioma of the Pleura: Selected Current Issues","volume":"36","author":"Markowitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020322800602","article-title":"Asbestos-Induced Pulmonary Toxicity: Role of DNA Damage and Apoptosis","volume":"228","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-020712-163942","article-title":"Molecular Basis of Asbestos-Induced Lung Disease","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-18-0453","article-title":"Four-MiRNA Signature to Identify Asbestos-Related Lung Malignancies","volume":"28","author":"Santarelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58606","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.9686","article-title":"Diagnostic Value of MicroRNAs in Asbestos Exposure and Malignant Mesothelioma: Systematic Review and Qualitative Meta-Analysis","volume":"7","author":"Micolucci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_269","unstructured":"Mahmood, I., Imadi, S.R., Shazadi, K., Gul, A., and Hakeem, K.R. (2016). Plant, Soil and Microbes: Volume 1: Implications in Crop Science, Springer."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22640","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22640","article-title":"Organophosphate-Pesticides Induced Survival Mechanisms and APE1-Mediated Nrf2 Regulation in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells","volume":"35","author":"Thakur","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(00)00452-2","article-title":"Pesticide Use in Developing Countries","volume":"160","author":"Ecobichon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8460","DOI":"10.1021\/jf100976v","article-title":"Thionate versus Oxon: Comparison of Stability, Uptake, and Cell Toxicity of (14CH3O)2-Labeled Methyl Parathion and Methyl Paraoxon with SH-SY5Y Cells","volume":"58","author":"Bharate","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233717736121","article-title":"Genotoxic Evaluation of Common Commercial Pesticides in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes","volume":"33","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health"},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP456","article-title":"Occupational Exposure to Pesticides and the Incidence of Lung Cancer in the Agricultural Health Study","volume":"125","author":"Bonner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2020.1106","article-title":"Occupational Exposure to Pesticides and Lung Cancer Risk: A Propensity Score Analyses","volume":"54","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2014-102728","article-title":"Incidence of Solid Tumours among Pesticide Applicators Exposed to the Organophosphate Insecticide Diazinon in the Agricultural Health Study: An Updated Analysis","volume":"72","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01804981","article-title":"Cohort Mortality and Nested Case-Control Study of Lung Cancer among Structural Pest Control Workers in Florida (United States)","volume":"5","author":"Pesatori","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2017-104976","article-title":"Lung Cancer Risk and Occupational Exposures in Crop Farming: Results from the AGRIculture and CANcer (AGRICAN) Cohort","volume":"75","author":"Boulanger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2423(04)38006-6","article-title":"Organophosphates\/Nerve Agent Poisoning: Mechanism of Action, Diagnosis, Prophylaxis, And Treatment","volume":"Volume 38","author":"Bajgar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Advances in Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2005.10.008","article-title":"Current Issues in Organophosphate Toxicology","volume":"366","author":"Costa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2020-0254","article-title":"Apoptosis Inducing Factor and Mitochondrial NADH Dehydrogenases: Redox-Controlled Gear Boxes to Switch between Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Cell Death","volume":"402","author":"Herrmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2008.11.012","article-title":"Environmental Toxicity, Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis: M\u00e9nage \u00e0 Trois","volume":"674","author":"Franco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_283","first-page":"455","article-title":"Lifestyle, Diet, and Colorectal Cancer Risk According to (Epi)Genetic Instability: Current Evidence and Future Directions of Molecular Pathological Epidemiology","volume":"13","author":"Hughes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Color. Cancer Rep."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.217182","article-title":"Molecular Pathological Epidemiology of Colorectal Neoplasia: An Emerging Transdisciplinary and Interdisciplinary Field","volume":"60","author":"Ogino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/15\/18\/4525\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:49:31Z","timestamp":1760129371000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/15\/18\/4525"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]},"references-count":284,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers15184525"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers15184525","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]}}}