{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T10:16:11Z","timestamp":1787998571636,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R01 CA247290"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA247290"]}]},{"name":"National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R01 CA257557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA257557"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: Develop a treatment planning framework for neurosurgeons treating high-grade gliomas with LITT to minimize the learning curve and improve tumor thermal dose coverage. Methods: Deidentified patient images were segmented using the image segmentation software Materialize MIMICS\u00a9. Segmented images were imported into the commercial finite element analysis (FEA) software COMSOL Multiphysics\u00a9 to perform bioheat transfer simulations. The laser probe was modeled as a cylindrical object with radius 0.7 mm and length 100 mm, with a constant beam diameter. A modeled laser probe was placed in the tumor in accordance with patient specific patient magnetic resonance temperature imaging (MRTi) data. The laser energy was modeled as a deposited beam heat source in the FEA software. Penne\u2019s bioheat equation was used to model heat transfer in brain tissue. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was modeled as a solid with convectively enhanced conductivity to capture heat sink effects. In this study, thermal damage-dependent blood perfusion was assessed. Pulsed laser heating was modeled based on patient treatment logs. The stationary heat source and pullback heat source techniques were modeled to compare the calculated tissue damage. The developed bioheat transfer model was compared to MRTi data obtained from a laser log during LITT procedures. The application builder module in COMSOL Multiphysics\u00a9 was utilized to create a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for the treatment planning framework. Results: Simulations predicted increased thermal damage (10\u201315%) in the tumor for the pullback heat source approach compared with the stationary heat source. The model-predicted temperature profiles followed trends similar to those of the MRTi data. Simulations predicted partial tissue ablation in tumors proximal to the CSF ventricle. Conclusion: A mobile platform-based GUI for bioheat transfer simulation was developed to aid neurosurgeons in conveniently varying the simulation parameters according to a patient-specific treatment plan. The convective effects of the CSF should be modeled with heat sink effects for accurate LITT treatment planning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15184554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T10:00:23Z","timestamp":1694685623000},"page":"4554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Development of a Treatment Planning Framework for Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy (LITT)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3084-6862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yash","family":"Lad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Science, Engineering, and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA 17057, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avesh","family":"Jangam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Science, Engineering, and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA 17057, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2249-3067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayden","family":"Carlton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u2019Moun","family":"Abu-Ayyad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Science, Engineering, and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA 17057, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantinos","family":"Hadjipanayis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Ivkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"},{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brad E.","family":"Zacharia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State Health, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anilchandra","family":"Attaluri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Science, Engineering, and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA 17057, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"American Brain Tumor Association (2023, March 16). 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