{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T02:01:17Z","timestamp":1791252077964,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004917","name":"Cancer Prevention Research Institute of Texas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RR1900371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RR1900371"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004917","name":"Cancer Prevention Research Institute of Texas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01238519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01238519"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RR1900371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RR1900371"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01238519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01238519"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"AACR-Lobular Breast Cancer Alliance Invasive Lobular Carcinoma","award":["RR1900371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RR1900371"]}]},{"name":"AACR-Lobular Breast Cancer Alliance Invasive Lobular Carcinoma","award":["R01238519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01238519"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) invasive lobular breast cancer (ILC) comprises about ~15% of breast cancer. ILC\u2019s unique genotypic (loss of wild type E-cadherin expression) and phenotypic (small individual round cancer cells that grow in discontinuous nests) are thought to contribute to a distinctive pattern of metastases to serosal membranes. Unlike invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), ILC metastases often intercalate into the mesothelial layer of the peritoneum and other serosal surfaces. While ER activity is a known driver of ILC proliferation, very little is known about how additional nuclear receptors contribute to ILC\u2019s distinctive biology. In ER+ IDC, we showed previously that glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activity inhibits pro-proliferative gene expression and cell proliferation. Here we examined ER+ ILC models and found that GR activation similarly reduces S-phase entry gene expression and ILC proliferation. While slowing tumor growth rate, our data also suggest that GR activation results in an enhanced metastatic phenotype through increasing integrin-encoding gene expression, extracellular matrix protein adhesion, and mesothelial cell clearance. Moreover, in an intraductal mouse mammary gland model of ILC, we found that GR expression is associated with increased bone metastases despite slowed primary mammary tumor growth. Taken together, our findings suggest GR-mediated gene expression may contribute to the unusual characteristics of ILC biology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15194679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T10:48:31Z","timestamp":1695552511000},"page":"4679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Glucocorticoid Receptor Activation in Lobular Breast Cancer Is Associated with Reduced Cell Proliferation and Promotion of Metastases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9503-6537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baylee A.","family":"Porter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Candace","family":"Frerich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4791-5959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muriel","family":"Lain\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6677-5560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abigail B.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ishrat","family":"Durdana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9071-7157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manisha","family":"Taya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunati","family":"Sahoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6894-8728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoffrey L.","family":"Greene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7491-5797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynda","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne D.","family":"Conzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noureddine, L.M., Tr\u00e9dan, O., Hussein, N., Badran, B., Le Romancer, M., and Poulard, C. 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