{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T18:27:57Z","timestamp":1773080877664,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a rare disease with a rising incidence. While surgical resection is the only curative option, the disease process is often identified in advanced stages, as this malignancy often remains clinically silent in early development. Only one-third of patients are eligible for resection at the time of diagnosis. For patients who cannot undergo resection, intra-arterial therapies are reasonable palliative treatment options; in rare occasions, these may be bridging therapies, as well. The premise of bland embolization and most chemoembolization intra-arterial therapies is that the arterial supply of the tumor is occluded to induce tumor necrosis, while radioembolization utilizes the arterial flow of the tumor to deliver radiation therapy. In this review, we discuss the use of transarterial embolization, transarterial chemoembolization, and selective internal radiation therapy for the treatment of ICC. Phase III randomized controlled clinical trials are difficult to tailor to this extremely rare and aggressive disease, but ultimately, further investigation should be pursued to define the patient population that will derive the greatest benefit from each modality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15194727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T03:45:23Z","timestamp":1695699923000},"page":"4727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Locoregional Therapy for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: The Role of Intra-Arterial Therapies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6837-5317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leva","family":"Gorji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Kettering Health, Dayton, OH 45402, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hussein","family":"Aoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Radiology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Critchfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Radiology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Najeeb","family":"Al Hallak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eliza W.","family":"Beal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17903","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000017903","article-title":"A Prognostic Nomogram for Distal Bile Duct Cancer from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Database Based on the STROBE Compliant","volume":"98","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Garikipati, S.C., and Roy, P. (2021). Biliary Tract Cholangiocarcinoma, StatPearls."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6674","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol29090524","article-title":"Surgical Treatment of Distal Cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"29","author":"Gorji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.68264","article-title":"The New Insight of Treatment in Cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3695","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i28.3695","article-title":"Secular Trends of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma in a High Endemic Area: A Population-Based Study","volume":"28","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.21037\/hbsn.2019.10.10","article-title":"Increasing Mortality of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma in the US: Are Gender-Specific Risk Factors Important?","volume":"8","author":"Antwi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.21037\/hbsn.2019.01.15","article-title":"Rising Trends in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Incidence and Mortality: Getting at the Root Cause","volume":"8","author":"Raoof","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.03.013","article-title":"Global Trends in Mortality from Intrahepatic and Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"71","author":"Bertuccio","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krenzien, F., Nevermann, N., Krombholz, A., Benzing, C., Haber, P., Fehrenbach, U., Lurje, G., Pelzer, U., Pratschke, J., and Schmelzle, M. (2022). Treatment of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma\u2014A Multidisciplinary Approach. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14020362"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.181.3.1810819","article-title":"Cholangiocarcinoma: Morphologic Classification According to Growth Pattern and Imaging Findings","volume":"181","author":"Lim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep0389","article-title":"Cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"3","author":"Patel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.21037\/cco.2018.07.03","article-title":"Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: The AJCC\/UICC 8th Edition Updates","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-005-0583-x","article-title":"Utility of Staging Laparoscopy in Subsets of Biliary Cancers: Laparoscopy Is a Powerful Diagnostic Tool in Patients with Intrahepatic and Gallbladder Carcinoma","volume":"20","author":"Goere","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc. Other Interv. Tech."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1159\/000506297","article-title":"Staging Laparoscopy in Patients with Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Is It Still Useful?","volume":"36","author":"Franken","year":"2020","journal-title":"Visc. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2019.0270","article-title":"Gemcitabine, Cisplatin, and Nab-Paclitaxel for the Treatment of Advanced Biliary Tract Cancers: A Phase 2 Clinical Trial","volume":"5","author":"Shroff","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14013","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000014013","article-title":"Adjuvant Chemotherapy Improves Oncological Outcomes of Resectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"98","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.00050","article-title":"Gemcitabine and Oxaliplatin Chemotherapy or Surveillance in Resected Biliary Tract Cancer (PRODIGE 12-ACCORD 18-UNICANCER GI): A Randomized Phase III Study","volume":"37","author":"Edeline","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30915-X","article-title":"Capecitabine Compared with Observation in Resected Biliary Tract Cancer (BILCAP): A Randomised, Controlled, Multicentre, Phase 3 Study","volume":"20","author":"Primrose","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2021.0022","article-title":"Hepatobiliary Cancers, Version 2.2021, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology","volume":"19","author":"Benson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arneth, B. (2019). Tumor Microenvironment. Medicina, 56.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56010015"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1400","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1400","article-title":"Modelling the Tumor Immune Microenvironment for Precision Immunotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, S.M., Esmail, A., Raza, A., Dacha, S., and Abdelrahim, M. (2022). Timeline of FDA-Approved Targeted Therapy for Cholangiocarcinoma. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14112641"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2022.40.4_suppl.378","article-title":"A Phase 3 Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Durvalumab in Combination with Gemcitabine plus Cisplatin (GemCis) in Patients (Pts) with Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer (BTC): TOPAZ-1","volume":"40","author":"Oh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33013","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Pembrolizumab for the Treatment of Advanced Biliary Cancer: Results from the KEYNOTE-158 and KEYNOTE-028 Studies","volume":"147","author":"Oh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2021.102258","article-title":"Locoregional Therapies in Patients with Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis","volume":"99","author":"Edeline","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owen, M., Makary, M.S., and Beal, E.W. (2023). Locoregional Therapy for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15082384"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.18.3.9599386","article-title":"Complications Associated with Transcatheter Arterial Embolization for Hepatic Tumors","volume":"18","author":"Sakamoto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1333648","article-title":"Chemoembolization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"30","author":"Lencioni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.21037\/jgo.2017.09.10","article-title":"Safety of Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT) with Yttrium-90 Microspheres Combined with Systemic Anticancer Agents: Expert Consensus","volume":"8","author":"Kennedy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"81","article-title":"Hepatic Artery Embolization in 32 Patients with Unresectable Hepatoma","volume":"26","author":"Yamada","year":"1980","journal-title":"Osaka City Med. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scaffaro, L.A., Kruel, C.D.P., Stella, S.F., Gravina, G.L., Machado Filho, G., de Almeida, C.P.B., Pinto, L.C.P.F., Alvares-da-Silva, M.R., and Kruel, C.R.P. (2015). Transarterial Embolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Comparison between Nonspherical PVA and Microspheres. Biomed. Res. Int., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/435120"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1085930","article-title":"An Overview of Embolic Agents","volume":"25","author":"Vaidya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roth, G.S., Benhamou, M., Teyssier, Y., Seigneurin, A., Abousalihac, M., Sengel, C., Seror, O., Ghelfi, J., Ganne-Carri\u00e9, N., and Blaise, L. (2021). Comparison of Trans-Arterial Chemoembolization and Bland Embolization for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Propensity Score Analysis. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13040812"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kishore, S.A., Bajwa, R., and Madoff, D.C. (2020). Embolotherapeutic Strategies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: 2020 Update. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12040791"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3779","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-013-3127-y","article-title":"Intra-Arterial Therapy for Advanced Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Multi-Institutional Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Hyder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55593","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.16286","article-title":"Application of Embolization Microspheres in Interventional Therapy of Malignant Non-Hypervascular Tumor of Liver","volume":"8","author":"Niu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1111\/hpb.12487","article-title":"Post-Embolization Syndrome as an Early Predictor of Overall Survival after Transarterial Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"17","author":"Mason","year":"2015","journal-title":"HPB"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"241","article-title":"Identifying Predictors and Evaluating the Role of Steroids in the Prevention of Post-Embolization Syndrome after Transarterial Chemoembolization and Bland Embolization","volume":"34","author":"Agrawal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073274817729244","DOI":"10.1177\/1073274817729244","article-title":"Liver-Directed Therapies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"24","author":"Kis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1556828","article-title":"Bland Liver Tumor Embolization Complicated by Hepatic Abscess","volume":"32","author":"Lipnik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Young, M., and John, S. (2023). Hepatic Chemoembolization, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.2217\/fon-2018-0136","article-title":"DEB-TACE: A Standard Review","volume":"14","author":"Melchiorre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Oncol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.67523","article-title":"A Comparative Study of Efficacy and Safety of Transarterial Chemoembolization with CalliSpheres and Conventional Transarterial Chemoembolization in Treating Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Patients","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19276","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000019276","article-title":"Drug-Eluting Beads Transarterial Chemoembolization by CalliSpheres Is Effective and Well Tolerated in Treating Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Patients: A Preliminary Result from CTILC Study","volume":"99","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28453","article-title":"Lipiodol Transarterial Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review of Efficacy and Safety Data","volume":"64","author":"Lencioni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2014.114","article-title":"Transarterial Chemoembolization in Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Portal Vein Thrombosis: A Perspective on Survival","volume":"29","author":"Ajit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oman Med. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.11522","article-title":"Chemoembolization with Drug-Eluting Microspheres Loaded with Doxorubicin for the Treatment of Cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"37","author":"Aliberti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hbpd.2020.02.005","article-title":"Transarterial Chemoembolization versus Percutaneous Microwave Coagulation Therapy for Recurrent Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Development of a Prognostic Nomogram","volume":"19","author":"Ge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-007-0312-y","article-title":"Treatment of Unresectable Cholangiocarcinoma with Gemcitabine-Based Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization (TACE): A Single-Institution Experience","volume":"12","author":"Gusani","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"437","article-title":"Treatment of Unresectable Cholangiocarcinoma: Conventional Transarterial Chemoembolization Compared with Drug Eluting Bead-Transarterial Chemoembolization and Systemic Chemotherapy","volume":"24","author":"Kuhlmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"3835","article-title":"Transhepatic Arterial Chemoembolization with Oxaliplatin-Eluting Microspheres (OEM-TACE) for Unresectable Hepatic Tumors","volume":"28","author":"Poggi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-011-1171-y","article-title":"Adjuvant Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma after Curative Surgery: Retrospective Control Study","volume":"35","author":"Shen","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4115","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.40358","article-title":"Adjuvant Transarterial Chemoembolization Following Radical Resection for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Multi-Center Retrospective Study","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.26407","article-title":"Transarterial Chemoembolization in the Treatment of Patients with Unresectable Cholangiocarcinoma: Results and Prognostic Factors Governing Treatment Success","volume":"131","author":"Vogl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-022-03108-z","article-title":"Treatment of Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Using Transarterial Chemoembolisation with Irinotecan-Eluting Beads: Analysis of Efficacy and Safety","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"6584","article-title":"Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety among Apatinib plus Drug-Eluting Bead Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE), Apatinib plus Conventional TACE and Apatinib Alone in Advanced Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4534","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.39410","article-title":"Drug-Eluting Beads Transarterial Chemoembolization with CalliSpheres Microspheres for Treatment of Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.21037\/jgo-20-443","article-title":"Postoperative Adjuvant Transarterial Chemoembolization for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Patients with Microvascular Invasion: A Propensity Score Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2014-0470","article-title":"Adjuvant Transarterial Chemoembolization Following Liver Resection for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Based on Survival Risk Stratification","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10327","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i36.10327","article-title":"Transarterial Chemoembolization in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment: Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Staging System","volume":"21","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150943","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20150943","article-title":"Yttrium-90 Hepatic Radioembolization: Clinical Review and Current Techniques in Interventional Radiology and Personalized Dosimetry","volume":"89","author":"Tong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2006.11.060","article-title":"Recommendations for Radioembolization of Hepatic Malignancies Using Yttrium-90 Microsphere Brachytherapy: A Consensus Panel Report from the Radioembolization Brachytherapy Oncology Consortium","volume":"68","author":"Kennedy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-939842","article-title":"Yttrium-90 Radioembolization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Metastatic Disease to the Liver","volume":"23","author":"Lewandowski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"138","article-title":"Technical Note: Simultaneous 90Y and 99mTc-MAA Injection for Two-Stage Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT) of Liver Metastases","volume":"3","author":"Eftekhari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-017-1594-4","article-title":"Comparison of the Adverse Event Profile of TheraSphere\u00ae with SIR-Spheres\u00ae for the Treatment of Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review","volume":"40","author":"Kallini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2020.02.008","article-title":"Yttrium-90 Radioembolization in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Multicenter Retrospective Analysis","volume":"31","author":"Buettner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2019.3702","article-title":"Radioembolization Plus Chemotherapy for First-Line Treatment of Locally Advanced Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Phase 2 Clinical Trial","volume":"6","author":"Edeline","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-020-02569-4","article-title":"Yttrium-90 Radioembolization in Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Results of a Multicenter Retrospective Study","volume":"43","author":"Bargellini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2019.03.018","article-title":"Yttrium-90 Transarterial Radioembolization for Chemotherapy-Refractory Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Prospective, Observational Study","volume":"30","author":"White","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-019-04427-z","article-title":"Personalised Radioembolization Improves Outcomes in Refractory Intra-Hepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Multicenter Study","volume":"46","author":"Levillain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2018.04.001","article-title":"Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Treated with Transarterial Yttrium-90 Glass Microsphere Radioembolization: Results of a Single Institution Retrospective Study","volume":"29","author":"Gangi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.28060","article-title":"Safety and Initial Efficacy of Ablative Radioembolization for the Treatment of Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Core","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schatka, I., Jochens, H.V., Rogasch, J.M.M., Walter-Rittel, T.C., Pelzer, U., Benckert, J., Graef, J., Feldhaus, F.W., Gebauer, B., and Amthauer, H. (2022). Transarterial Yttrium-90 Radioembolization in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Patients: Outcome Assessment Applying a Prognostic Score. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14215324"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2021.08.009","article-title":"Neoadjuvant Yttrium-90 Transarterial Radioembolization with Resin Microspheres Prescribed Using the Medical Internal Radiation Dose Model for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"32","author":"Sarwar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3729","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-020-08486-7","article-title":"Downstaging with Radioembolization or Chemotherapy for Initially Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"27","author":"Riby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paprottka, K.J., Gali\u00e8, F., Ingrisch, M., Geith, T., Ilhan, H., Todica, A., Michl, M., Nadjiri, J., and Paprottka, P.M. (2021). Outcome and Safety after 103 Radioembolizations with Yttrium-90 Resin Microspheres in 73 Patients with Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma-An Evaluation of Predictors. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13215399"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19745","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99219-7","article-title":"Assessment of Radiation Sensitivity of Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma in a Series of Patients Submitted to Radioembolization with Yttrium-90 Resin Microspheres","volume":"11","author":"Depalo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-011-0142-x","article-title":"Transarterial Hepatic Yttrium-90 Radioembolization in Patients with Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Factors Associated with Prolonged Survival","volume":"35","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0000000000001123","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Its Correlation with Fluorine-18-Fluorodeoxyglucose Metabolic Parameters in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Submitted to 90Y-Radioembolization","volume":"41","author":"Filippi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Commun."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucmedbio.2014.08.011","article-title":"Change in Total Lesion Glycolysis and Clinical Outcome after 90Y Radioembolization in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"42","author":"Filippi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2013.10.056","article-title":"Modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors and European Association for The Study of the Liver Criteria Using Delayed-Phase Imaging at an Early Time Point Predict Survival in Patients with Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Following Yttrium-90 Radioembolization","volume":"25","author":"Camacho","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-022-03183-2","article-title":"Yttrium-90 Radioembolization of Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Long-Term Follow-up for a 136-Patient Cohort","volume":"45","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-012-0463-4","article-title":"Yttrium-90 Radioembolization for Unresectable Standard-Chemorefractory Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Survival, Efficacy, and Safety Study","volume":"36","author":"Rafi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30290-9","article-title":"Personalised versus Standard Dosimetry Approach of Selective Internal Radiation Therapy in Patients with Locally Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma (DOSISPHERE-01): A Randomised, Multicentre, Open-Label Phase 2 Trial","volume":"6","author":"Garin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brachy.2022.03.007","article-title":"Validation of a Commercial Software Dose Calculation for Y-90 Microspheres","volume":"21","author":"Guerrero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brachytherapy"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skanjeti, A., Magand, N., Defez, D., Tordo, J., Rode, A., Manichon, A.F., Hallouard, F., Clave-Darcissac, C., Dhomps, A., and Townsend, D.M. (2020). Selective Internal Radiation Therapy of Hepatic Tumors: Morphologic and Functional Imaging for Voxel-Based Computer-Aided Dosimetry. Biomed. Pharmacother., 132.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110865"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2014.09.007","article-title":"Treatment of Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma with Yttrium-90 Radioembolization: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis","volume":"41","author":"Gill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.211806","article-title":"90Y Radioembolization versus Drug-Eluting Bead Chemoembolization for Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Results from the TRACE Phase II Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"303","author":"Dhondt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-022-03187-y","article-title":"Holmium-166 Radioembolization: Current Status and Future Prospective","volume":"45","author":"Stella","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-018-2133-7","article-title":"Holmium-166 Radioembolization in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Feasibility and Safety of a New Treatment Option in Clinical Practice","volume":"42","author":"Radosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30027-9","article-title":"Additional Holmium-166 Radioembolisation after Lutetium-177-Dotatate in Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumour Liver Metastases (HEPAR PLuS): A Single-Centre, Single-Arm, Open-Label, Phase 2 Study","volume":"21","author":"Braat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2016.09.024","article-title":"Radioembolization of Hepatic Malignancies: Background, Quality Improvement Guidelines, and Future Directions","volume":"28","author":"Padia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"2","article-title":"Advances in Y-90 Radioembolization for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Woerner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatoma Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.21037\/hbsn.2017.01.02","article-title":"Epidemiology and Risk Factors: Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"6","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0310-z","article-title":"Cholangiocarcinoma 2020: The next Horizon in Mechanisms and Management","volume":"17","author":"Banales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-015-4642-9","article-title":"Management and Outcomes of Patients with Recurrent Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Following Previous Curative-Intent Surgical Resection","volume":"23","author":"Spolverato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3892\/mco.2021.2234","article-title":"Recurrent Cholangiocarcinoma with Long-Term Survival by Multimodal Treatment: A Case Report","volume":"14","author":"Sota","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2217\/hep-2017-0005","article-title":"Chemoembolization versus Radioembolization for the Treatment of Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma in a Single Institution Image-Based Efficacy and Comparative Toxicity","volume":"4","author":"Akinwande","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-019-0566-2","article-title":"The Entry of Nanoparticles into Solid Tumours","volume":"19","author":"Sindhwani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebeling Barbier, C., Heindryckx, F., and Lennern\u00e4s, H. (2021). Limitations and Possibilities of Transarterial Chemotherapeutic Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222313051"}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/15\/19\/4727\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:58:22Z","timestamp":1760129902000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/15\/19\/4727"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers15194727"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers15194727","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]}}}