{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T13:47:09Z","timestamp":1788011229882,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Polish National Science Centre (NCN)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\/41\/B\/NZ6\/01765"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/41\/B\/NZ6\/01765"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Polish National Science Centre (NCN)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PBmb166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PBmb166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Polish National Science Centre (NCN)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PBmb163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PBmb163"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Polish National Science Centre (NCN)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PBsd167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PBsd167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Medical University of Lublin","award":["2021\/41\/B\/NZ6\/01765"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/41\/B\/NZ6\/01765"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Lublin","award":["PBmb166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PBmb166"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Lublin","award":["PBmb163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PBmb163"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Lublin","award":["PBsd167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PBsd167"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) and secondary immunodeficiencies (SIDs) are characterized by compromised immune function, rendering individuals susceptible to infections and potentially influencing cancer development. Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV), a widespread herpesvirus, has been linked to cancer, particularly in those with weakened immune systems. This study aims to compare selected immune parameters, focusing on immune checkpoint molecules (PD-1\/PD-L1, CTLA-4\/CD86, CD200R\/CD200), and EBV reactivation in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL, a representative of SIDs) and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID, a representative of PIDs). We performed a correlation analysis involving patients diagnosed with CLL, CVID, and a healthy control group. EBV reactivation was assessed using specific antibody serology and viral load quantification. Peripheral blood morphology, biochemistry, and immunophenotyping were performed, with emphasis on T and B lymphocytes expressing immune checkpoints and their serum concentrations. Our findings revealed elevated EBV reactivation markers in both CLL and CVID patients compared with healthy controls, indicating increased viral activity in immunodeficient individuals. Furthermore, immune checkpoint expression analysis demonstrated significantly altered percentages of T and B lymphocytes expressing PD-1\/PD-L1, CTLA-4\/CD86, and CD200R\/CD200 in CLL and CVID patients. This suggests a potential interplay between immune checkpoint dysregulation and EBV reactivation in the context of immunodeficiency. In conclusion, our study underscores the intricate relationship between immune dysfunction, EBV reactivation, and immune checkpoint modulation in the context of immunodeficiency-associated cancers. The altered expression of immune checkpoints, along with heightened EBV reactivation, suggests a potential mechanism for immune evasion and tumor progression. These findings provide insights into the complex interactions that contribute to cancer development in immunocompromised individuals, shedding light on potential therapeutic targets for improved management and treatment outcomes. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and to explore potential interventions to mitigate cancer risk in these patient populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15194786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T05:48:13Z","timestamp":1695966493000},"page":"4786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Could Immune Checkpoint Disorders and EBV Reactivation Be Connected in the Development of Hematological Malignancies in Immunodeficient Patients?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9530-6659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Mertowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7121-1396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Mertowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konrad","family":"Smolak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Kita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Student Research Group of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Guz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Student Research Group of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Kita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Student Research Group of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Pasiarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Hematology, Holy Cross Cancer Centre, 25-734 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolanta","family":"Smok-Kalwat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Holy Cross Cancer Centre, 25-734 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanis\u0142aw","family":"G\u00f3\u017ad\u017a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Holy Cross Cancer Centre, 25-734 Kielce, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, IX Wiek\u00f3w Kielc 19A, 25-317 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0451-4741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina","family":"Grywalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3136","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03136","article-title":"Primary Immunodeficiency and Cancer Predisposition Revisited: Embedding Two Closely Related Concepts Into an Integrative Conceptual Framework","volume":"9","author":"Haas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. 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