{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T19:01:37Z","timestamp":1789758097986,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]],"date-time":"2023-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan","award":["TMUCOM202102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMUCOM202102"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) stands as a progressive oral ailment, designated as a potentially malignant disorder. OSF has gained widespread recognition as a significant precursor to malignant transformation. In the pursuit of dependable, straightforward, and non-invasive diagnostic measures for the early detection of oral malignant progression, research has delved into potential diagnostic biomarkers of OSF. This comprehensive review delves into current investigations that explore the correlation between various biomarkers and OSF. The molecular biomarkers of OSF are categorized based on cytology and sampling methods. Moreover, this review encompasses pertinent studies detailing how these biomarkers are acquired and processed. Within this scope, we scrutinize four potential biomarkers that hold the promise of facilitating the development of diagnostic tools for detecting early-stage OSF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15194812","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T04:28:08Z","timestamp":1696220888000},"page":"4812","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Exploring Possible Diagnostic Precancerous Biomarkers for Oral Submucous Fibrosis: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jie-Ru","family":"You","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Ting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Yu","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sin-Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzu-Yao","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing-Syuan","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guan-Ting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6637-7044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheng-Wei","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzu-Yu","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3557-4149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Yu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Dental Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8451-0280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I-Ta","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.09.060","article-title":"Premalignant and malignant oral mucosal lesions: Clinical and pathological findings","volume":"81","author":"Maymone","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, X., Ning, Y., Zhou, L., and Zhu, Y. (2023). Oral submucous fibrosis: Etiological mechanism, malignant transformation, therapeutic approaches and targets. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054992"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12483","article-title":"Identification of a combined biomarker for malignant transformation in oral submucous fibrosis","volume":"46","author":"Bazarsad","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"78","article-title":"Salivary lactate dehydrogenase as a potential biomarker in oral potentially malignant disorders and head & neck cancer\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"LK","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gulf J. Oncolog."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-081X(00)00140-1","article-title":"Oral mucosal embryology and histology","volume":"18","author":"Winning","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00208","article-title":"Oral mucosal epithelial cells","volume":"10","author":"Groeger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shih, Y.H., Wang, T.H., Shieh, T.M., and Tseng, Y.H. (2019). Oral submucous fibrosis: A review on etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20122940"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ko, A.M., Tu, H.P., and Ko, Y.C. (2023). Systematic review of roles of arecoline and arecoline N-oxide in oral cancer and strategies to block carcinogenesis. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12081208"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13984","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28084","article-title":"Arecoline N-oxide regulates oral squamous cell carcinoma development through NOTCH1 and FAT1 expressions","volume":"234","author":"Kuo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"137","article-title":"Correlation of clinical features in oral submucous fibrosis: A 9-year retrospective study","volume":"32","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ethiop. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2342-y","article-title":"Periodontitis and diabetes: A two-way relationship","volume":"55","author":"Preshaw","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parveen, S., Qahtani, A.S.A., Halboub, E., Hazzazi, R.A.A., Madkhali, I.A.H., Mughals, A.I.H., Baeshen, S.A.A., Moaidi, A.M., and Al-Ak\u2019hali, M.S. (2023). Periodontal-systemic disease: A study on medical practitioners\u2019 knowledge and practice. Int. Dent. J., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.05.003"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345211052507","article-title":"Oral condition and incident coronary heart disease: A clustering analysis","volume":"101","author":"Deraz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Memon, A.B., Rahman, A.A.U., Channar, K.A., Zafar, M.S., and Kumar, N. (2022). Evaluating the oral-health-related quality of life of oral submucous fibrosis patients before and after treatment using the OHIP-14 tool. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031821"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Memon, A.B., Rahman, A.A.U., Channar, K.A., Zafar, M.S., and Kumar, N. (2021). Assessing the quality of life of oral submucous fibrosis patients: A cross-sectional study using the WHOQOL-BREF tool. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189498"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.9734\/jpri\/2021\/v33i1331262","article-title":"A clinico-demographic evaluation of patients with oral submucous fibrosis: A cross sectional study","volume":"33","author":"Memon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, Y.W., Shih, Y.H., Fuh, L.J., and Shieh, T.M. (2020). Oral submucous fibrosis: A review on biomarkers, pathogenic mechanisms, and treatments. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21197231"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biomarkers Definitions Working Group (2001). Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: Preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 69, 89\u201395.","DOI":"10.1067\/mcp.2001.113989"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_164_17","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of micronuclei in exfoliated oral epithelial cells in potentially malignant disorders and malignant lesions using special stains","volume":"23","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2015.11.012","article-title":"DNA methylation markers for oral pre-cancer progression: A critical review","volume":"53","author":"Shridhar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2015.4264","article-title":"Expression and promoter methylation of Wnt inhibitory factor-1 in the development of oral submucous fibrosis","volume":"34","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2923","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S91460","article-title":"Deregulation of secreted frizzled-related proteins is associated with aberrant \u03b2-catenin activation in the carcinogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"OncoTargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12228","DOI":"10.1111\/jicd.12228","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases-3 gene-promoter polymorphism as a risk factor in oral submucous fibrosis in an Indian population: A pilot study","volume":"8","author":"Zade","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Investig. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2016.5307","article-title":"Expression pattern of DKK3, dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 3, in the malignant progression of oral submucous fibrosis","volume":"37","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, C.C., Liao, Y.W., Hsieh, P.L., and Chang, Y.C. (2021). Targeting lncRNA H19\/miR-29b\/COL1A1 axis impedes myofibroblast activities of precancerous oral submucous fibrosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22042216"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2020.03.015","article-title":"Expression of transforming growth factor beta in oral submucous fibrosis","volume":"10","author":"Rai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oral Biol. Craniofac. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, C.Y., Hsieh, P.L., Liao, Y.W., Peng, C.Y., Yu, C.C., and Lu, M.Y. (2019). Arctigenin reduces myofibroblast activities in oral submucous fibrosis by LINC00974 inhibition. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061328"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2019.02.014","article-title":"miR-1246 as a therapeutic target in oral submucosa fibrosis pathogenesis","volume":"118","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2020.03.005","article-title":"miR-10b regulated by Twist maintains myofibroblasts activities in oral submucous fibrosis","volume":"119","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4130","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13690","article-title":"miR-200b ameliorates myofibroblast transdifferentiation in precancerous oral submucous fibrosis through targeting ZEB2","volume":"22","author":"Liao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2018.05.016","article-title":"miR-200c inhibits the arecoline-associated myofibroblastic transdifferentiation in buccal mucosal fibroblasts","volume":"117","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdr.ijdr_551_21","article-title":"Expression of Ki67 as potential biomarker in oral submucous fibrosis: An immunohistochemical study","volume":"33","author":"Kamala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gadbail, A.R., Chaudhary, M., Sarode, S.C., Gondivkar, S., Tekade, S.A., Zade, P., Hande, A., Sarode, G.S., and Patil, S. (2018). Ki67, CD105, and \u03b1-SMA expression supports the transformation relevant dysplastic features in the atrophic epithelium of oral submucous fibrosis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200171"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/jicd.12038","article-title":"Immunohistochemical detection of p53 and p63 in oral squamous cell carcinoma, oral leukoplakia, and oral submucous fibrosis","volume":"5","author":"Varun","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Investig. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-029X.86680","article-title":"Comparison of the frequency of sister chromatid exchange in pan chewers and oral submucous fibrosis patients","volume":"15","author":"Jeyapradha","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1053","article-title":"Circulating microRNA-21 expression as a novel serum biomarker for oral sub-mucous fibrosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"19","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12246","article-title":"Evaluation of lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activity in saliva and serum of oral submucous fibrosis patients","volume":"44","author":"Sivaramakrishnan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2020.vol34.0002","article-title":"Expression profile of salivary micro RNA-21 and 31 in oral potentially malignant disorders","volume":"34","author":"Nivedhitha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. Oral Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-015-1506-4","article-title":"Salivary 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, malondialdehyde, vitamin C, and vitamin E in oral pre-cancer and cancer: Diagnostic value and free radical mechanism of action","volume":"20","author":"Kaur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2019.01.011","article-title":"Ki-67 protein as a tumour proliferation marker","volume":"491","author":"Menon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2022.23.1.253","article-title":"Expression of Ki67 biomarker in oral submucous fibrosis with clinico-pathological correlations: A prospective study","volume":"23","author":"Kamala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-021-00823-x","article-title":"Ki-67 gene expression","volume":"28","author":"Uxa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.133.4.1710","article-title":"Cell cycle analysis of a cell proliferation-associated human nuclear antigen defined by the monoclonal antibody Ki-67","volume":"133","author":"Gerdes","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00412-018-0659-8","article-title":"Ki-67: More than a proliferation marker","volume":"127","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chromosoma"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.06.110","article-title":"Ki67 is a graded rather than a binary marker of proliferation versus quiescence","volume":"24","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v12.i8.791","article-title":"Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors in 2020","volume":"12","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20200751","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7757-2020-0751","article-title":"Ki67 labelling index predicts clinical outcome and survival in oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"29","author":"Gadbail","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_13_21","article-title":"Study of expression of endoglin (CD105) in oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"25","author":"Mahapatra","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-07-4478","article-title":"Endoglin (CD105): A marker of tumor vasculature and potential target for therapy","volume":"14","author":"Dallas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzavlaki, K., and Moustakas, A. (2020). TGF-\u03b2 Signaling. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10030487"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.181186","article-title":"Comparison of microvessel density using CD34 and CD105 in oral submucous fibrosis and its correlation with clinicopathological features: An immunohistochemical study","volume":"14","author":"Pammar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.11110789","article-title":"Enhancement patterns and parameters of breast cancers at contrast-enhanced US: Correlation with prognostic factors","volume":"262","author":"Wan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12443","DOI":"10.1111\/jicd.12443","article-title":"Ki67, CD105 and \u03b1-smooth muscle actin expression in disease progression model of oral submucous fibrosis","volume":"10","author":"Gadbail","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Investig. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2020.21.7.2067","article-title":"Ki67, CD105, and \u03b1-SMA expression supports biological distinctness of oral squamous cell carcinoma arising in the background of oral submucous fibrosis","volume":"21","author":"Gadbail","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, W., Shah, J.B., Tran, M., Svatek, R., Marquis, L., Lee, I.L., Yu, D., Adam, L., Wen, S., and Shen, Y. (2012). p63 expression defines a lethal subset of muscle-invasive bladder cancers. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030206"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"23","article-title":"Constitutive p63 expression in airway basal cells. A molecular target in diffuse lung diseases","volume":"18","author":"Chilosi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffuse Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(01)00086-3","article-title":"p63","volume":"34","author":"Little","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s00795-021-00304-7","article-title":"Collagen deposition correlates with loss of E-cadherin and increased p63 expression in dysplastic conditions of oral submucous fibrosis","volume":"55","author":"Chakraborti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Mol. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.4103\/2153-3539.124006","article-title":"Computational analysis of p63(+) nuclei distribution pattern by graph theoretic approach in an oral pre-cancer (sub-mucous fibrosis)","volume":"4","author":"Bag","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pathol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.13049","article-title":"Concomitant overexpression of Activin A and p63 is associated with poor outcome in oral cancer patients","volume":"49","author":"Mundhe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2019.5.24162","article-title":"The prognostic significance of p63 cytoplasmic expression in colorectal cancer. An immunohistochemical study","volume":"40","author":"Albasri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dioguardi, M., Spirito, F., Sovereto, D., Alovisi, M., Troiano, G., Aiuto, R., Garcovich, D., Crincoli, V., Laino, L., and Cazzolla, A.P. (2022). MicroRNA-21 expression as a prognostic biomarker in oral cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063396"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2021.07.008","article-title":"The functional roles of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis","volume":"17","author":"Hsieh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.2174\/157489010793351962","article-title":"MicroRNA-21 as therapeutic target in cancer and cardiovascular disease","volume":"5","author":"Bonci","year":"2010","journal-title":"Recent. Pat. Cardiovasc. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.35.5.331","article-title":"Circulating miR-21 as a prognostic and predictive biomarker in oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"35","author":"Mahmood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2011.02535.x","article-title":"Prognostic role of microRNA-21 in various carcinomas: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Fu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"55","article-title":"Salivary micro RNA as a potential biomarker in oral potentially malignant disorders: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Maheswari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ci Ji Yi Xue Za Zhi"}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/15\/19\/4812\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:02:41Z","timestamp":1760130161000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/15\/19\/4812"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers15194812"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers15194812","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]}}}