{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:34:56Z","timestamp":1760150096915,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish National Science Centre (NCN)","award":["2021\/41\/B\/NZ6\/01765","PBmb166","PBmb163","PBsd167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/41\/B\/NZ6\/01765","PBmb166","PBmb163","PBsd167"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Lublin","award":["2021\/41\/B\/NZ6\/01765","PBmb166","PBmb163","PBsd167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/41\/B\/NZ6\/01765","PBmb166","PBmb163","PBsd167"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study delves into the intricate landscape of primary immunodeficiencies, with a particular focus on antibody deficiencies characterized by near-normal immunoglobulin levels or hyperimmunoglobulinemia. Contrary to the conventional focus on genetic dysregulation, these studies investigate the key roles of immune checkpoints, such as PD-1\/PD-L1, CTLA-4\/CD86, and CD200R\/CD200, on selected subpopulations of T and B lymphocytes and their serum concentrations of soluble forms in patients recruited for the studies in healthy volunteers. In addition, the studies also show the role of Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) reactivation and interactions with tested pathways of immune checkpoints involved in the immunopathogenesis of this disease. By examining the context of antibody deficiencies, this study sheds light on the nuanced interplay of factors beyond genetics, particularly the immune dysregulations that occur in the course of this type of disease and the potential role of EBV reactivation, which affects the clinical presentation of patients and may contribute to the development of cancer in the future, especially related to hematological malignancies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15205059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T11:46:26Z","timestamp":1697715986000},"page":"5059","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring the Significance of Immune Checkpoints and EBV Reactivation in Antibody Deficiencies with Near-Normal Immunoglobulin Levels or Hyperimmunoglobulinemia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9530-6659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Mertowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7121-1396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Mertowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konrad","family":"Smolak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Pasiarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Hematology, Holy Cross Cancer Centre, 25-734 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jolanta","family":"Smok-Kalwat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Holy Cross Cancer Centre, 25-734 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stanis\u0142aw","family":"G\u00f3\u017ad\u017a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Holy Cross Cancer Centre, 25-734 Kielce, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, IX Wiek\u00f3w Kielc 19A, 25-317 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0451-4741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina","family":"Grywalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/21.2.e10","article-title":"Primary Immunodeficiency for the Primary Care Provider","volume":"21","author":"Halbrich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Paediatr. 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