{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T02:44:48Z","timestamp":1790995488400,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union","award":["D33C22001940006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D33C22001940006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myxofibrosarcoma (MFS) is a malignant soft tissue sarcoma (STS) that originates in the body\u2019s connective tissues. It is characterized by the presence of myxoid (gel-like) and fibrous components and typically affects patients after the fifth decade of life. Considering the ongoing trend of increasing lifespans across many nations, MFS is likely to become the most common musculoskeletal sarcoma in the future. Although MFS patients have a lower risk of developing distant metastases compared with other STS cases, MFS is characterized by a high frequency of local recurrence. Notably, in 40\u201360% of the patients where the tumor recurs, it does so multiple times. Consequently, patients may undergo multiple local surgeries, removing the risk of potential amputation. Furthermore, because the tumor relapses generally have a higher grade, they exhibit a decreased response to radio and chemotherapy and an increased tendency to form metastases. Thus, a better understanding of MFS is required, and improved therapeutic options must be developed. Historically, preclinical models for other types of tumors have been instrumental in obtaining a better understanding of tumor development and in testing new therapeutic approaches. However, few MFS models are currently available. In this review, we will describe the MFS models available and will provide insights into the advantages and constraints of each model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15215132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T04:14:47Z","timestamp":1698207287000},"page":"5132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Modeling Myxofibrosarcoma: Where Do We Stand and What Is Missing?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6681-6374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Lucarelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Osteoncology, Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas and Innovative Therapies Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1677-5797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"De Vita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preclinic and Osteoncology Unit, Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) \u201cDino Amadori\u201d, 47014 Meldola, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9900-7357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Bellotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Osteoncology, Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas and Innovative Therapies Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6109-3202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Frisoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of 3rd Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic Prevalently Oncologic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1192-7322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Vanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preclinic and Osteoncology Unit, Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) \u201cDino Amadori\u201d, 47014 Meldola, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2163-6476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ania Naila","family":"Guerrieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Osteoncology, Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas and Innovative Therapies Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micaela","family":"Pannella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Osteoncology, Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas and Innovative Therapies Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Mercatali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Osteoncology, Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas and Innovative Therapies Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8080-4484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Gambarotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Duchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery-ACMD, St. Vincent\u2019s Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6618-1981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Miserocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preclinic and Osteoncology Unit, Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) \u201cDino Amadori\u201d, 47014 Meldola, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Maioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Liverani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preclinic and Osteoncology Unit, Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) \u201cDino Amadori\u201d, 47014 Meldola, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0259-4167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toni","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Osteoncology, Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas and Innovative Therapies Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197704)39:4<1672::AID-CNCR2820390442>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Myxoid Variant of Malignant Fibrous Ince the Early Description I N","volume":"39","author":"Weiss","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Fletcher, C.D.M., and Unni, K.K. 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