{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:46:10Z","timestamp":1760132770148,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,28]],"date-time":"2023-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Polish National Science Centre (NCN)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\/41\/B\/NZ6\/01765","PBmb166","PBmb163","Pbsd167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/41\/B\/NZ6\/01765","PBmb166","PBmb163","Pbsd167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Medical University of Lublin","award":["2021\/41\/B\/NZ6\/01765","PBmb166","PBmb163","Pbsd167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/41\/B\/NZ6\/01765","PBmb166","PBmb163","Pbsd167"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to gain a deeper understanding of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) by studying immune cells and specific immune checkpoint signaling pathways. The analysis of the percentage of selected immune points and their ligands (PD-1\/PD-L1, CTLA-4\/CD86, and CD200R\/CD200) on peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations was performed using flow cytometry, and additional analyses determining the serum concentration of the above-mentioned molecules were performed using enzyme immunoassay tests. The obtained results indicate several significant changes in the percentage of almost all tested molecules on selected subpopulations of T and B lymphocytes in both CVID and CLL patients in relation to healthy volunteers and between the disease subunits themselves. The results obtained were also supported by the analysis of the serum concentration of soluble molecules tested. By uncovering valuable insights, we hope to enhance our comprehension and management of these conditions, considering both immunodeficiencies and hematological malignancies. Understanding the role of these signaling pathways in disease development and progression may lead to the development of modern, personalized diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Ultimately, this knowledge may enable the monitoring of the immune system in patients with CVID and CLL, paving the way for improved patient care in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15215184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]],"date-time":"2023-10-29T05:01:08Z","timestamp":1698555668000},"page":"5184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Immune Checkpoint Pathway Expression in Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Patients with Common Variable Immunodeficiency and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9530-6659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Mertowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7121-1396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Mertowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konrad","family":"Smolak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Kita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Student Research Group of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Kita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Student Research Group of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Guz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Student Research Group of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Pasiarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Hematology, Holy Cross Cancer Centre, 25-734 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0451-4741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina","family":"Grywalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2147\/JBM.S346091","article-title":"Patterns of Bone Marrow Confirmed Malignant and Non-Malignant Hematological Disorders in Patients with Abnormal Hematological Parameters in Northeast Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Ebrahim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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