{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T18:44:39Z","timestamp":1764701079428,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Squamous cell carcinoma and its precursor lesion actinic keratosis are often found together in areas of skin chronically exposed to sun, otherwise called cancerisation fields. The clinical assessment of cancerisation fields and the correct diagnosis of lesions within these fields is usually challenging for dermatologists. The recent adoption of skin cancer diagnostic imaging techniques, particularly LC-OCT, helps clinicians in guiding treatment decisions of cancerization fields in a non-invasive way. The combination of artificial intelligence and non-invasive skin imaging opens up many possibilities as AI can perform tasks impossible for humans in a reasonable amount of time. In this text we review past examples of the application of AI to dermatological images for actinic keratosis\/squamous cell carcinoma diagnosis, and we discuss about the prospects of the application of AI for the characterization and management of cancerization fields.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15215264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T09:28:13Z","timestamp":1698917293000},"page":"5264","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Where Artificial Intelligence Can Take Us in the Management and Understanding of Cancerization Fields"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1570-7856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Orte Cano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, H\u00f4pital Erasme, HUB, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Dermato-Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, HUB, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariano","family":"Suppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, H\u00f4pital Erasme, HUB, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Dermato-Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, HUB, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Groupe d\u2019Imagerie Cutan\u00e9e Non Invasive (GICNI), Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Dermatologie (SFD), 75008 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V\u00e9ronique","family":"del Marmol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, H\u00f4pital Erasme, HUB, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Dermato-Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, HUB, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126","article-title":"Field cancerization: Definition, epidemiology, risk factors, and outcomes","volume":"83","author":"Willenbrink","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2017.102","article-title":"An evolutionary perspective on field cancerization","volume":"18","author":"Curtius","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.24284","article-title":"Actinic keratoses: Natural history and risk of malignant transformation in the veterans affairs topical tretinoin chemoprevention trial","volume":"115","author":"Criscione","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12420","article-title":"The natural history of actinic keratosis: A systematic review","volume":"169","author":"Werner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12008","article-title":"The influence of the location of the lesion on the absolute risk of the development of skin cancer in a patient with actinic keratosis","volume":"27","author":"Smit","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18810","article-title":"Predicting keratinocyte carcinoma in patients with actinic keratosis: Development and internal validation of a multivariable risk-prediction model","volume":"183","author":"Tokez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.03.111","article-title":"Evaluation of dermatoscopic criteria for early detection of squamous cell carcinoma arising on an actinic keratosis","volume":"86","author":"Papageorgiou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1261","article-title":"Actinic keratoses and the incidence of occult squamous cell carcinoma: A clinical-histopathologic correlation","volume":"32","author":"Ehrig","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-5389-1_4","article-title":"A color and texture based hierarchical K-NN approach to the classification of non-melanoma skin lesions","volume":"6","author":"Ballerini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Comput. Vis. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2017.07.001","article-title":"Automatic discrimination of actinic keratoses from clinical photographs","volume":"88","author":"Spyridonos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hames, S.C., Sinnya, S., Tan, J.M., Morze, C., Sahebian, A., Soyer, H.P., and Prow, T.W. (2015). Automated detection of actinic keratoses in clinical photographs. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112447"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12684","article-title":"Late fusion of deep and shallow features to improve discrimination of actinic keratosis from normal skin using clinical photography","volume":"25","author":"Spyridonos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ski. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13626","article-title":"Actinic keratosis: Correlation between clinical and histological classification systems","volume":"30","author":"Schmitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12848","article-title":"Actinic keratosis with atypical basal cells (AK I) is the most common lesion associated with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the skin","volume":"29","author":"Carrato","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.16536","article-title":"Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas are associated with basal proliferating actinic keratoses","volume":"180","author":"Schmitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falkenberg, C., Dirschka, T., Gilbert, G., Stockfleth, E., Homey, B., and Schmitz, L. (2023). Basal Proliferation and Acantholysis May Represent Histological High-Risk Factors for Progression into Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Comparison Study in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients and Matched Immunocompetent Patients. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15061765"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15949","article-title":"The actinic dysplasia syndrome\u2014Diagnostic approaches defining a new concept in field carcinogenesis with multiple cSCC","volume":"33","author":"Dejonckheere","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.14801","article-title":"Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography for actinic keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma: A descriptive study","volume":"46","author":"Cinotti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"e900","article-title":"Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography of actinic keratosis: A case series","volume":"35","author":"Lenoir","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"620","article-title":"Discrimination of actinic keratoses from normal skin with reflectance mode confocal microscopy","volume":"34","author":"Horn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13215","article-title":"Grading keratinocyte atypia in actinic keratosis: A correlation of reflectance confocal microscopy and histopathology","volume":"29","author":"Pellacani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14512","article-title":"Actinic keratoses show variable histological basal growth patterns\u2014A proposed classification adjustment","volume":"32","author":"Schmitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruini, C., Schuh, S., Gust, C., Hartmann, D., French, L.E., Sattler, E.C., and Welzel, J. (2021). In-vivo lc-oct evaluation of the downward proliferation pattern of keratinocytes in actinic keratosis in comparison with histology: First impressions from a pilot study. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13122856"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12954","article-title":"High-definition optical coherence tomography algorithm for the discrimination of actinic keratosis from normal skin and from squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"29","author":"Boone","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruini, C., Schlingmann, S., Jonke, \u017d., Avci, P., Padr\u00f3n-Laso, V., Neumeier, F., Koveshazi, I., Ikeliani, I.U., Patzer, K., and Kunrad, E. (2021). Machine Learning Based Prediction of Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Ex Vivo Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13215522"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04395-1","article-title":"Non-invasive scoring of cellular atypia in keratinocyte cancers in 3D LC-OCT images using Deep Learning","volume":"12","author":"Fischman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.07.172","article-title":"Genomic Progression of Precancerous Actinic Keratosis to Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"142","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1791","article-title":"Benign clonal keratinocyte patches with p53 mutations show no genetic link to synchronous squamous cell precancer or cancer in human skin","volume":"150","author":"Ren","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14025","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.24.14025","article-title":"Frequent clones of p53-mutated keratinocytes in normal human skin","volume":"93","author":"Jonason","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-11-0028","article-title":"Temporal Dissection of Tumorigenesis in Primary Cancers","volume":"1","author":"Durinck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/15\/21\/5264\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:16:01Z","timestamp":1760130961000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/15\/21\/5264"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers15215264"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers15215264","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-6694"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]}}}