{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:44:03Z","timestamp":1792806243859,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":484,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"URGP","award":["56977"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["56977"]}]},{"name":"URGP","award":["OG2023-24-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OG2023-24-05"]}]},{"name":"CHRIM","award":["56977"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["56977"]}]},{"name":"CHRIM","award":["OG2023-24-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OG2023-24-05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare cancer arising in skeletal muscle that typically impacts children and young adults. It is a worldwide challenge in child health as treatment outcomes for metastatic and recurrent disease still pose a major concern for both basic and clinical scientists. The treatment strategies for rhabdomyosarcoma include multi-agent chemotherapies after surgical resection with or without ionization radiotherapy. In this comprehensive review, we first provide a detailed clinical understanding of rhabdomyosarcoma including its classification and subtypes, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. Later, we focus on chemotherapy strategies for this childhood sarcoma and discuss the impact of three mechanisms that are involved in the chemotherapy response including apoptosis, macro-autophagy, and the unfolded protein response. Finally, we discuss in vivo mouse and zebrafish models and in vitro three-dimensional bioengineering models of rhabdomyosarcoma to screen future therapeutic approaches and promote muscle regeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15215269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T02:41:56Z","timestamp":1698979316000},"page":"5269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Rhabdomyosarcoma: Current Therapy, Challenges, and Future Approaches to Treatment Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0391-1769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Zarrabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34396, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Perrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahboubeh","family":"Kavoosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada"},{"name":"Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, 8 Krzywousty St., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9975-3288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micah","family":"Sommer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada"},{"name":"Section of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3382-6020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serap","family":"Sezen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8391-9228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parvaneh","family":"Mehrbod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhavya","family":"Bhushan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, 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