{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:35:49Z","timestamp":1787027749188,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health Ricerca Corrente 5 \u00d7 1000 funds"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mammary Paget disease (MPD) is a rare condition primarily affecting adult women, characterized by unilateral skin changes in the nipple\u2013areolar complex (NAC) and frequently associated with underlying breast carcinoma. Histologically, MPD is identified by large intraepidermal epithelial cells (Paget cells) with distinct characteristics. Immunohistochemical profiles aid in distinguishing MPD from other skin conditions. Clinical evaluation and imaging techniques, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are recommended if MPD is suspected, although definitive diagnosis always requires histological examination. This review delves into the historical context, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of MPD, emphasizing the need for early detection. The classification of MPD based on pathogenesis is explored, shedding light on its varied presentations. Treatment options, including mastectomy and breast-conserving surgery, are discussed with clear guidelines for different scenarios. Adjuvant therapies are considered, particularly in cases with underlying breast cancer. Prognostic factors are outlined, underlining the importance of early intervention. Looking to the future, emerging techniques, like liquid biopsy, new immunohistochemical and molecular markers, and artificial intelligence-based image analysis, hold the potential to transform MPD diagnosis and treatment. These innovations offer hope for early detection and improved patient care, though validation through large-scale clinical trials is needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15215276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T10:59:54Z","timestamp":1699009194000},"page":"5276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A Pictorial Exploration of Mammary Paget Disease: Insights and Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Luciano","family":"Mariano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast Imaging Division, AOU Citt\u00e0 della Scienza e della Salute di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3979-8075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Nicosia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100 Varese, Italy"},{"name":"Breast Imaging Division, IEO\u2014European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti, 435, 20141 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Pupo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Division, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia Maria","family":"Olivieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Scolari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduation School in Radiodiagnostics, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0374-5054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Pesapane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast Imaging Division, IEO\u2014European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti, 435, 20141 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antuono","family":"Latronico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast Imaging Division, IEO\u2014European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti, 435, 20141 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Carla","family":"Bozzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast Imaging Division, IEO\u2014European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti, 435, 20141 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9101-9131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Fusco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta Cruz","family":"Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Mazzarol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9269-0146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Corso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Breast Surgery, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), IRCCS, Via Ripamonti, 435, 20141 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"European Cancer Prevention Organization (ECP), 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviana Enrica","family":"Galimberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Breast Surgery, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), IRCCS, Via Ripamonti, 435, 20141 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Venturini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, ASST Settelaghi, Insubria University, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Pizzamiglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast Imaging Division, IEO\u2014European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti, 435, 20141 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3437-8939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Cassano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast Imaging Division, IEO\u2014European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti, 435, 20141 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197009)26:3<680::AID-CNCR2820260329>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Paget\u2019s Disease of the Breast","volume":"26","author":"Ashikari","year":"1970","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S1072-7515(98)00143-4","article-title":"Paget\u2019s Disease of the Breast: A 33-Year Experience","volume":"187","author":"Kollmorgen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. 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