{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T12:18:39Z","timestamp":1782562719275,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute","award":["R01CA214960"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA214960"]}]},{"name":"National Cancer Institute","award":["R01CA225701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA225701"]}]},{"name":"National Cancer Institute","award":["R01CA231471"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA231471"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Few studies have examined the use of immunoassay urine drug testing of cancer patients in palliative care clinics. Objectives: We examined the frequency of immunoassay urine drug test (UDT) abnormalities and the factors associated with aberrancy at a safety-net hospital palliative medicine clinic. Methods: A retrospective review of the electronic medical records of consecutive eligible patients seen at the outpatient palliative medicine clinic in a resource-limited safety-net hospital system was conducted between 1 September 2015 and 31 December 2020. We collected longitudinal data on patient demographics, UDT findings, and potential predictors of aberrant results. Results: Of the 913 patients in the study, 500 (55%) underwent UDT testing, with 455 (50%) having the testing within the first three visits. Among those tested within the first three visits, 125 (27%) had aberrant UDT results; 44 (35%) of these 125 patients were positive for cocaine. In a multivariable regression model analysis of predictors for aberrant UDT within the first three visits, non-Hispanic White race (odds ratio (OR) = 2.13; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03\u20134.38; p = 0.04), history of illicit drug use (OR = 3.57; CI: 1.78\u20137.13; p &lt; 0.001), and history of marijuana use (OR = 7.05; CI: 3.85\u201312.91; p &lt; 0.001) were independent predictors of an aberrant UDT finding. Conclusion: Despite limitations of immunoassay UDT, it was able to detect aberrant drug-taking behaviors in a significant number of patients seen at a safety-net hospital palliative care clinic, including cocaine use. These findings support universal UDT monitoring and utility of immunoassay-based UDT in resource-limited settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15235663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T07:44:42Z","timestamp":1701330282000},"page":"5663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Immunoassay Urine Drug Testing among Patients Receiving Opioids at a Safety-Net Palliative Medicine Clinic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"John M.","family":"Halphen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joan and Stanford Alexander Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Arthur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Palliative Care, Rehabilitation and Integrative Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0963-0258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soraira","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joan and Stanford Alexander Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linh M. T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joan and Stanford Alexander Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7513-0004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikitha N.","family":"Samy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel R.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Sattler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shane E.","family":"Wing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7019-0037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rex A. D.","family":"Paulino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pulin","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simbiat","family":"Olayiwola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joan and Stanford Alexander Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley","family":"Cannell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5158-1157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Supriyanka","family":"Addimulam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riddhi","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2733-6607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Palliative Care, Rehabilitation and Integrative Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1177\/1049909114531445","article-title":"Chronic Pain and Risk Factors for Opioid Misuse in a Palliative Care Clinic","volume":"32","author":"Childers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. 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