{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T20:38:58Z","timestamp":1775248738006,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Tsukuba"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>[Proposal] Here, we retrospectively evaluate risk factors for radiation necrosis and local recurrence after PBT for skull base chordoma or chondrosarcoma. [Patients and Methods] We analyzed 101 patients who received PBT for skull base chordomas and chondrosarcomas from January 1989 to February 2021. Multivariable logistic regression models were applied for local recurrence, temporal lobe radiation necrosis rates, and temporal lobe radiation necrosis. [Results] In multivariate analysis, chordoma and large tumor size were independent significant factors for local recurrence. The 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-year local recurrence rates were 3.9%, 16.9%, 20.3%, 28.5% and 44.0% for chordoma and 0%, 0%, 0%, 0% and 7.1% for chondrosarcoma, respectively. The local recurrence rates of small tumors (&lt;30 mm) were 4.3%, 14.7%, 17.7%, 17.7% and 25.9%, and those for large tumors were 3.6%, 15.1%, 19.2%, 32.7% and 59.6%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, BED Gy10 and total dose were risk factors for radiation necrosis. [Conclusions] For skull base chordoma and chondrosarcoma, the risk factors of local recurrence were chordoma and large tumor size, and those of radiation necrosis were BED Gy10 and total dose, respectively. DVH analysis is needed to investigate the risk factors for brain necrosis in more detail.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15235687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T10:39:48Z","timestamp":1701427188000},"page":"5687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Risk Factors for Radiation Necrosis and Local Recurrence after Proton Beam Therapy for Skull Base Chordoma or Chondrosarcoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mizuki","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7837-1301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masashi","family":"Mizumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshiko","family":"Oshiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Tsukuba Medical Center Hospital, Tsukuba 305-8558, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroyoshi","family":"Kino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroyoshi","family":"Akutsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu 321-0293, Tochigi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kei","family":"Nakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taisuke","family":"Sumiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eiichi","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3093-0386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazushi","family":"Maruo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8576, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideyuki","family":"Sakurai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2017). 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