{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:23:32Z","timestamp":1792002212683,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,3]],"date-time":"2023-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute of Health Grants","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R21CA260989-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R21CA260989-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute of Health Grants","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015B020226001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015B020226001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute of Health Grants","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IT34873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT34873"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project of Guangdong Province","award":["1R21CA260989-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R21CA260989-01A1"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project of Guangdong Province","award":["2015B020226001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015B020226001"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project of Guangdong Province","award":["IT34873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT34873"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004489","name":"Mitacs Elevate Fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R21CA260989-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R21CA260989-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004489","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004489","name":"Mitacs Elevate Fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015B020226001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015B020226001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004489","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004489","name":"Mitacs Elevate Fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IT34873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT34873"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004489","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) is a prevalent hematologic malignancy characterized by the malignant transformation of myeloid cells and their proliferation in the peripheral blood. The management of CML poses significant challenges, particularly in detecting and eradicating minimal residual disease, which is crucial for preventing relapse and improving survival outcomes. Traditional minimal residual disease detection methods, such as bone marrow aspiration, are invasive and have limitations which include the potential for sampling errors and false negatives. This study introduces a novel label-free microfluidic chip designed for the segregation and recovery of circulating leukemia cells, offering a non-invasive liquid biopsy approach with potential applications in precision medicine. Over July 2021 to October 2023, we recruited 56 CML patients across various disease stages and collected blood samples for analysis using our microfluidic device. The device demonstrated high efficacy in isolating circulating leukemia cells, with an optimal capture efficiency of 78% at a sample flow rate of 3 mL\/h. Our results indicate that the microfluidic device can efficiently segregate and quantify circulating leukemia cells, providing a detailed understanding of CML progression and treatment response. The significant reduction in circulating leukemia cell counts in patients in complete remission highlights the device\u2019s potential in monitoring treatment efficacy. Furthermore, the device\u2019s sensitivity in detecting minimal residual disease could offer a more reliable prognostic tool for therapeutic decision-making in CML management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15235696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,3]],"date-time":"2023-12-03T04:59:16Z","timestamp":1701579556000},"page":"5696","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["RETRACTED: Precision Isolation of Circulating Leukemia Cells in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Patients Using a Novel Microfluidic Device and Its Clinical Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1546-2668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongfang","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA"},{"name":"Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ningxin","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Shenzhen People\u2019s Hospital, Shenzhen 518020, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuen","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA"},{"name":"Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, PLA General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, Guangzhou 510010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, October 30). Chronic Myeloid Leukemia\u2014Cancer Stat Facts, Available online: https:\/\/seer.cancer.gov\/statfacts\/html\/cmyl.html."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1586\/ehm.10.21","article-title":"Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: The State of the Art","volume":"3","author":"Gyurkocza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2020.06.007","article-title":"Recent Advances in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Acute Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"26","author":"Bittencourt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"642","article-title":"The Progress of Small Molecule Targeting BCR-ABL in the Treatment of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2004.03.010","article-title":"Monitoring of Minimal Residual Disease in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"18","author":"Faderl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2013.100","article-title":"Minimal Residual Disease in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia","volume":"10","author":"Hourigan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190500353133","article-title":"Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization in the Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment Monitoring of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"47","author":"Landstrom","year":"2006","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4701","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-09-2780","article-title":"Persistence of Malignant Hematopoietic Progenitors in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Patients in Complete Cytogenetic Remission Following Imatinib Mesylate Treatment","volume":"101","author":"Bhatia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197610)38:4<1560::AID-CNCR2820380419>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"111Indium bone marrow scintigraphy as an aid in selecting marrow biopsy sites for the evaluation of marrow elements in patients with lymphoma","volume":"32","author":"Gilbert","year":"1976","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15003","article-title":"Enumeration and Characterization of Circulating Multiple Myeloma Cells in Patients with Plasma Cell Disorders","volume":"180","author":"Foulk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2126(77)90045-5","article-title":"Functional Evaluation of Circulating Leukemic Cells in Acute Non-Lymphocytic Leukemia","volume":"1","author":"Schiffer","year":"1977","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0b013e32834b6158","article-title":"Prevention and Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Relapse after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation","volume":"18","author":"Oran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.990040103","article-title":"Multistation Multiparameter Flow Cytometry: Some Influences of Instrumental Factors on System Performance","volume":"4","author":"Shapiro","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cytometry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1039\/C3LC50580D","article-title":"Isolation and Mutational Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells from Lung Cancer Patients with Magnetic Sifters and Biochips","volume":"14","author":"Earhart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1021\/nn5004277","article-title":"Emerging Role of Nanomaterials in Circulating Tumor Cell Isolation and Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Yoon","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12748","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7220","article-title":"Classification of Large Circulating Tumor Cells Isolated with Ultra-High Throughput Microfluidic Vortex Technology","volume":"7","author":"Che","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1039\/c2lc21273k","article-title":"Microfluidic Approaches for Cancer Cell Detection, Characterization, and Separation","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15757","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507719102","article-title":"Marker-Specific Sorting of Rare Cells Using Dielectrophoresis","volume":"102","author":"Hu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1039\/b902504a","article-title":"Fluorescence-Activated Droplet Sorting (FADS): Efficient Microfluidic Cell Sorting Based on Enzymatic Activity","volume":"9","author":"Baret","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1039\/C5AN01836F","article-title":"Microfluidics for the Detection of Minimal Residual Disease in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients Using Circulating Leukemic Cells Selected from Blood","volume":"141","author":"Jackson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, G.D., Cantatore, C., and Ohl, D.A. (2021). Microfluidic Systems for Isolation of Spermatozoa from Testicular Specimens of Non-Obstructive Azoospermic Men: Does\/Can It Improve Sperm Yield?. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10163667"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"346","article-title":"Noncovalent Reversible Binding-Enabled Facile Fabrication of Leak-Free PDMS Microfluidic Devices without Plasma Treatment for Convenient Cell Loading and Retrieval","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4714","DOI":"10.1039\/c3an00315a","article-title":"Recent Advances in Microfluidic Cell Separations","volume":"138","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1039\/C7LC00038C","article-title":"Biophysical Isolation and Identification of Circulating Tumor Cells","volume":"17","author":"Che","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1039\/C4LC01246A","article-title":"Microfluidic Cell Sorting: A Review of the Advances in the Separation of Cells from Debulking to Rare Cell Isolation","volume":"15","author":"Reyes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3436","DOI":"10.1039\/C8LC00700D","article-title":"Label-Free Isolation of Rare Tumor Cells from Untreated Whole Blood by Interfacial Viscoelastic Microfluidics","volume":"18","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouyang, D., Li, Y., He, W., Lin, W., Hu, L., Wang, C., Xu, L., Park, J., and You, L. (2019). Mechanical Segregation and Capturing of Clonal Circulating Plasma Cells in Multiple Myeloma Using Micropillar-Integrated Microfluidic Device. Biomicrofluidics, 13.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5112050"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11119-x","article-title":"Monolithic Chip for High-Throughput Blood Cell Depletion to Sort Rare Circulating Tumor Cells","volume":"7","author":"Fachin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8453","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ra45835k","article-title":"Accurate Measurement of Stiffness of Leukemia Cells and Leukocytes Using an Optical Trap by a Rate-Jump Method","volume":"4","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"2342","article-title":"Immunophenotypes on Blast Cells of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia","volume":"59","author":"Motoji","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nihon Rinsho"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2010.01.012","article-title":"Abnormal Phenotype of Bone Marrow Plasma Cells in Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Undergoing Therapy with Imatinib","volume":"34","author":"Carulli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s12288-019-01118-5","article-title":"Flow Cytometric Minimal Residual Disease Analysis in Acute Leukemia: Current Status","volume":"36","author":"Rastogi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Hematol. Blood Transfus."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02906129","article-title":"Detection of Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) after Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT) by Multi-Parameter Flow Cytometry (MPFC)","volume":"16","author":"Nagler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2006.03.004","article-title":"Conventional Cytogenetics and FISH in the Detection of BCR\/ABL Fusion in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)","volume":"81","author":"Mark","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V94.4.1201","article-title":"Complete Remission of Accelerated Phase Chronic Myeloid Leukemia by Treatment With Leukemia-Reactive Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes","volume":"94","author":"Falkenburg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2401811","article-title":"Detection and Quantification of Residual Disease in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia","volume":"14","author":"Hochhaus","year":"2000","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.20305","article-title":"Bone Marrow Aspirate and Biopsy: A Pathologist\u2019s Perspective. II. Interpretation of the Bone Marrow Aspirate and Biopsy","volume":"23","author":"Riley","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17203332","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,3]],"date-time":"2023-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701561600000}},{"DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17203332","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000}}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/15\/23\/5696\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T04:55:19Z","timestamp":1787288119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/15\/23\/5696"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,3]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers15235696"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers15235696","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,3]]}}}