{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T02:20:40Z","timestamp":1768789240751,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Despite major treatment advances, multiple myeloma remains incurable. The outcome of patients who are refractory to immunomodulatory agents, proteasome inhibitors, and anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies is poor, and improved treatment strategies for this difficult-to-treat patient population are an unmet medical need. Methods: This retrospective, unicentric analysis included 38 patients with relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma or plasma cell leukemia who underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) between 2013 and 2022. Survival outcomes, relapse incidence, and non-relapse mortality were calculated according to remission status, date of allo-HSCT, cytogenetic risk status, timing, and number of previous autologous HSCTs. Results: The median PFS was 13.6 months (95% CI, 7.7\u201330.4) and the median OS was 51.4 months (95% CI, 23.5\u2013NA) in the overall cohort. The cumulative incidence of relapse at 3 years was 57%, and non-relapse mortality was 16%. The median PFS and OS were significantly longer in patients with very good partial remission (VGPR) or better compared to patients with less than VGPR at the time of allo-HSCT (mPFS 29.7 months (95% CI, 13.7\u2013NA) vs. 6.5 months (95% CI, 2.6\u201317.0); p = 0.009 and mOS not reached vs. 18.6 months (95% CI, 7.0\u2013NA); p = 0.006). Conclusion: For selected patients, allo-HSCT may result in favorable overall survival, in part by providing an appropriate hemato-immunological basis for subsequent therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15245738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T05:57:08Z","timestamp":1701928628000},"page":"5738","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation in Multiple Myeloma: Risk Factors and Outcomes in the Era of New Therapeutic Options\u2014A Single-Center Experience"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9649-5850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Strassl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology with Stem Cell Transplantation, Hemostaseology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ordensklinikum Linz, Fadingerstrasse 1, 4020 Linz, Austria"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Nikoloudis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology with Stem Cell Transplantation, Hemostaseology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ordensklinikum Linz, Fadingerstrasse 1, 4020 Linz, Austria"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sigrid","family":"Machherndl-Spandl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology with Stem Cell Transplantation, Hemostaseology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ordensklinikum Linz, Fadingerstrasse 1, 4020 Linz, Austria"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7369-9700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronika","family":"Buxhofer-Ausch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology with Stem Cell Transplantation, Hemostaseology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ordensklinikum Linz, Fadingerstrasse 1, 4020 Linz, Austria"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Binder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology with Stem Cell Transplantation, Hemostaseology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ordensklinikum Linz, Fadingerstrasse 1, 4020 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dagmar","family":"Wipplinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology with Stem Cell Transplantation, Hemostaseology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ordensklinikum Linz, Fadingerstrasse 1, 4020 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Stiefel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology with Stem Cell Transplantation, Hemostaseology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ordensklinikum Linz, Fadingerstrasse 1, 4020 Linz, Austria"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emine","family":"Kaynak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology with Stem Cell Transplantation, Hemostaseology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ordensklinikum Linz, Fadingerstrasse 1, 4020 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Milanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology with Stem Cell Transplantation, Hemostaseology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ordensklinikum Linz, Fadingerstrasse 1, 4020 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Aichinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology with Stem Cell Transplantation, Hemostaseology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ordensklinikum Linz, Fadingerstrasse 1, 4020 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Nocker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology with Stem Cell Transplantation, Hemostaseology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ordensklinikum Linz, Fadingerstrasse 1, 4020 Linz, Austria"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology with Stem Cell Transplantation, Hemostaseology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ordensklinikum Linz, Fadingerstrasse 1, 4020 Linz, Austria"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Kreissl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology with Stem Cell Transplantation, Hemostaseology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ordensklinikum Linz, Fadingerstrasse 1, 4020 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Girschikofsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology with Stem Cell Transplantation, Hemostaseology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ordensklinikum Linz, Fadingerstrasse 1, 4020 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Petzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology with Stem Cell Transplantation, Hemostaseology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ordensklinikum Linz, Fadingerstrasse 1, 4020 Linz, Austria"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ansgar","family":"Weltermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology with Stem Cell Transplantation, Hemostaseology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ordensklinikum Linz, Fadingerstrasse 1, 4020 Linz, Austria"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2729-9706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Clausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology with Stem Cell Transplantation, Hemostaseology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ordensklinikum Linz, Fadingerstrasse 1, 4020 Linz, Austria"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"484","article-title":"Predicting Outcomes and Monitoring Disease in Patients with Multiple 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