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While asymptomatic in most of these, EBV can cause a wide variety of malignancies of lymphoid or epithelial cell origin. Some of these are also associated with co-infections that either increase EBV-induced tumorigenesis or weaken its immune control. The respective pathogens include Kaposi-sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), Plasmodium falciparum and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In this review, I will discuss the respective tumor entities and possible mechanisms by which co-infections increase the EBV-associated cancer burden. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms could allow us to identify crucial features of EBV-associated malignancies and defects in their immune control. These could then be explored to develop therapies against the respective cancers by targeting EBV and\/or the respective co-infections with pathogen-specific therapies or vaccinations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15245739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T05:57:08Z","timestamp":1701928628000},"page":"5739","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Modulation of Epstein-Barr-Virus (EBV)-Associated Cancers by Co-Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6419-1940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"M\u00fcnz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Z\u00fcrich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0249-7","article-title":"Latency and lytic replication in the oncogenesis of the Epstein Barr virus","volume":"17","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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