{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T19:16:59Z","timestamp":1777490219805,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation","award":["TCRD-110-15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCRD-110-15"]}]},{"name":"Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation","award":["IMAR-110-01-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IMAR-110-01-08"]}]},{"name":"Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation","award":["TCRD112-032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCRD112-032"]}]},{"name":"Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation","award":["TCRD112-047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCRD112-047"]}]},{"name":"Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation","award":["TCMF-IMC 112-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCMF-IMC 112-02"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005925","name":"Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TCRD-110-15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCRD-110-15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005925","name":"Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IMAR-110-01-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IMAR-110-01-08"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005925","name":"Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TCRD112-032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCRD112-032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005925","name":"Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TCRD112-047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCRD112-047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005925","name":"Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TCMF-IMC 112-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCMF-IMC 112-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Head and neck cancer is highly prevalent in Taiwan. Its treatment mainly relies on clinical staging, usually diagnosed from images. A major part of the diagnosis is whether lymph nodes are involved in the tumor. We present an algorithm for analyzing clinical images that integrates a deep learning model with image processing and attempt to analyze the features it uses to classify lymph nodes. Methods: We retrospectively collected pretreatment computed tomography images and surgery pathological reports for 271 patients diagnosed with, and subsequently treated for, na\u00efve oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx cancer between 2008 and 2018. We chose a 3D UNet model trained for semantic segmentation, which was evaluated for inference in a test dataset of 29 patients. Results: We annotated 2527 lymph nodes. The detection rate of all lymph nodes was 80%, and Dice score was 0.71. The model has a better detection rate at larger lymph nodes. For those identified lymph nodes, we found a trend where the shorter the short axis, the more negative the lymph nodes. This is consistent with clinical observations. Conclusions: The model showed a convincible lymph node detection on clinical images. We will evaluate and further improve the model in collaboration with clinical physicians.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15245890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T10:04:47Z","timestamp":1702893887000},"page":"5890","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Identifying Lymph Nodes and Their Statuses from Pretreatment Computer Tomography Images of Patients with Head and Neck Cancer Using a Clinical-Data-Driven Deep Learning Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2786-2298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheng-Yao","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970374, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Hualien Tzu Chi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970473, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen-Lin","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Hualien Tzu Chi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970473, Taiwan"},{"name":"Cancer Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970473, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970374, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dai-Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970374, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Hualien Tzu Chi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970473, Taiwan"},{"name":"Cancer Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970473, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970374, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edzer L.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DeepQ Technology Corp, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Shao","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DeepQ Technology Corp, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhe-Ting","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DeepQ Technology Corp, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2877-9215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren-Jun","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970374, Taiwan"},{"name":"Cancer Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970473, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970374, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, and Taiwan (2022). 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