{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T11:40:50Z","timestamp":1785238850242,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-metastatic upper urinary tract carcinoma (UTUC) is a comparatively rare condition, typically managed with either kidney-sparing surgery (KSS) or radical nephroureterectomy (RNU). Irrespective of the chosen therapeutic modality, patients with UTUC remain at risk of recurrence in the bladder; in patients treated with KSS, the risk of recurrence is high in the remnant ipsilateral upper tract system but there is a low but existent risk in the contralateral system as well as in the chest and in the abdomen\/pelvis. For patients treated with RNU for high-risk UTUC, the risk of recurrence in the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, as well as the contralateral UT, depends on the tumor stage, grade, and nodal status. Hence, implementing a risk-stratified, location-specific follow-up is indicated to ensure timely detection of cancer recurrence. However, there are no data on the type and frequency\/schedule of follow-up or on the impact of the recurrence type and site on outcomes; indeed, it is not well known whether imaging-detected asymptomatic recurrences confer a better outcome than recurrences detected due to symptoms\/signs. Novel imaging techniques and more precise risk stratification methods based on time-dependent probabilistic events hold significant promise for making a cost-efficient individualized, patient-centered, outcomes-oriented follow-up strategy possible. We show and discuss the follow-up protocols of the major urologic societies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16010044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T03:36:17Z","timestamp":1703129777000},"page":"44","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Narrative Review of Current Surveillance Strategies for Non-Metastatic Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jakob","family":"Klemm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0002-1592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kensuke","family":"Bekku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6603-6319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Abufaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Special Surgery, Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8953-0272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Laukhtina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Matsukawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi Kardoust","family":"Parizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre I.","family":"Karakiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Centre, Montreal, QC H2X 3E4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahrokh F.","family":"Shariat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 11942, Jordan"},{"name":"Karl Landsteiner Institute of Urology and Andrology, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA"},{"name":"Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21654","article-title":"Cancer Statistics, 2021","volume":"71","author":"Siegel","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2023.03.013","article-title":"European Association of Urology Guidelines on Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: 2023 Update","volume":"84","author":"Seisen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000003480","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Non-Metastatic Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: AUA\/SUO Guideline","volume":"209","author":"Coleman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2020.0011","article-title":"Bladder Cancer, Version 3.2020, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology","volume":"18","author":"Flaig","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2020.07.003","article-title":"Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A 2020 Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, and Future Perspectives on Systemic Therapy","volume":"79","author":"Leow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10873-y","article-title":"Upper tract urothelial carcinoma has a luminal-papillary T-cell depleted contexture and activated FGFR3 signaling","volume":"10","author":"Robinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7464","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.10708","article-title":"Association between demographic factors and prognosis in urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2020.11.005","article-title":"Incidence and Survival Rates of Contemporary Patients with Invasive Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma","volume":"4","author":"Nocera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2009.06.016","article-title":"Nephroureterectomy and segmental ureterectomy in the treatment of invasive upper tract urothelial carcinoma: A population-based study of 2299 patients","volume":"45","author":"Lughezzani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2009.09.048","article-title":"Gender-related differences in patients with stage I to III upper tract urothelial carcinoma: Results from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database","volume":"75","author":"Lughezzani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-010-0594-7","article-title":"Gender differences in radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma","volume":"29","author":"Shariat","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000000788","article-title":"Differential Effect of Sex on Outcomes after Radical Surgery for Upper Tract and Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"204","author":"Mori","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2012.06.029","article-title":"Impact of smoking on oncologic outcomes of upper tract urothelial carcinoma after radical nephroureterectomy","volume":"63","author":"Rink","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2021.11.001","article-title":"Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma in the Lynch Syndrome Tumour Spectrum: A Comprehensive Overview from the European Association of Urology\u2014Young Academic Urologists and the Global Society of Rare Genitourinary Tumors","volume":"5","author":"Lonati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2005.01.019","article-title":"Microsatellite instability as predictor of survival in patients with invasive upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma","volume":"65","author":"Fromont","year":"2005","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2021.03.016","article-title":"Prognostic value of Balkan endemic nephropathy and gender on upper tract urothelial carcinoma outcomes after radical nephroureterectomy: A cohort study","volume":"39","author":"Milojevic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, H.L., Chiang, P.H., Cheng, Y.T., and Chen, Y.T. (2019). Propensity-Matched Survival Analysis of Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinomas between End-Stage Renal Disease with and without Kidney Transplantation. BioMed Res. Int., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2979142"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-016-1826-2","article-title":"Prognostic factors and predictive tools for upper tract urothelial carcinoma: A systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Mbeutcha","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2013.09.003","article-title":"Prediction of Intravesical Recurrence After Radical Nephroureterectomy: Development of a Clinical Decision-making Tool","volume":"65","author":"Xylinas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2018.01.003","article-title":"Grading of Urothelial Carcinoma and The New \u201cWorld Health Organisation Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs 2016\u201d","volume":"5","author":"Burger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Focus"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.15389","article-title":"Rising incidence rates and unaltered survival rates for primary upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma: A Dutch population-based study from 1993 to 2017","volume":"128","author":"Boormans","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.25877","article-title":"Contemporary conditional cancer-specific survival after radical nephroureterectomy in patients with nonmetastatic urothelial carcinoma of upper urinary tract","volume":"121","author":"Rosiello","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-019-02897-2","article-title":"Outcomes of upper tract urothelial carcinoma with isolated lymph node involvement following surgical resection: Implications for multi-modal management","volume":"38","author":"Pelcovits","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2011.07.009","article-title":"Lymphadenectomy at the time of nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial cancer","volume":"60","author":"Roscigno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2009.07.1296","article-title":"A critical appraisal of the value of lymph node dissection at nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma","volume":"75","author":"Lughezzani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2011.10.158","article-title":"Prognostic value of extranodal extension and other lymph node parameters in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma","volume":"187","author":"Fajkovic","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.07.035","article-title":"Location of the primary tumor is not an independent predictor of cancer specific mortality in patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma","volume":"182","author":"Isbarn","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2019.89893","article-title":"Survival differences of patients with ureteral versus pelvicalyceal tumours: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Kaczmarek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2011.09.017","article-title":"The impact of tumor multifocality on outcomes in patients treated with radical nephroureterectomy","volume":"61","author":"Chromecki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clgc.2020.09.002","article-title":"The Performance of Tumor Size as Risk Stratification Parameter in Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma (UTUC)","volume":"19","author":"Foerster","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Genitourin. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2021.03.003","article-title":"Tumor Size Predicts Muscle-invasive and Non\u2013organ-confined Disease in Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma at Radical Nephroureterectomy","volume":"8","author":"Nocera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Focus"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000000523","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Variant Histology in Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Treated with Nephroureterectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"203","author":"Mori","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2009.12.029","article-title":"Prognostic role of lymphovascular invasion in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: An international validation study","volume":"57","author":"Novara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3613","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-012-2453-9","article-title":"Influence of positive surgical margin status after radical nephroureterectomy on upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma survival","volume":"19","author":"Colin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2008.08073.x","article-title":"Can nomograms be superior to other prediction tools?","volume":"103","author":"Shariat","year":"2009","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8746","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23982","article-title":"Detecting asymptomatic recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy contributes to better prognosis in patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Horiguchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.12707","article-title":"Risk stratification for bladder recurrence of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma after radical nephroureterectomy","volume":"115","author":"Ishioka","year":"2015","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2017.06.073","article-title":"The Conditional Survival with Time of Intravesical Recurrence of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma","volume":"198","author":"Shigeta","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.08.003","article-title":"Conditional Survival After Radical Nephroureterectomy for Upper Tract Carcinoma","volume":"67","author":"Ploussard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2022.04.003","article-title":"Oncologic Surveillance After Radical Nephroureterectomy for High-risk Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma","volume":"5","author":"Martini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"Cd013160","article-title":"Single-dose intravesical chemotherapy after nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma","volume":"5","author":"Hwang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-023-04446-4","article-title":"Impact of diagnostic ureteral catheterization on intravesical tumour recurrence following radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma","volume":"41","author":"Yonese","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2012.01.021","article-title":"Predicting clinical outcomes after radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma","volume":"61","author":"Cha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012292","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1012292","article-title":"Survival and risk factors among upper tract urothelial carcinoma patients after radical nephroureterectomy in Northeast China","volume":"12","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7819-6-3","article-title":"Outcomes of surgical treatment for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma: Comparison of retroperitoneoscopic and open nephroureterectomy","volume":"6","author":"Taweemonkongsap","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clgc.2016.07.010","article-title":"Impact of Tumor Location on Local Recurrence After Nephroureterectomy for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: Implications for Adjuvant Radiotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Yoo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Genitourin. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-020-01877-w","article-title":"Pattern and risk factors of local recurrence after nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850874","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.850874","article-title":"The Prognostic Impact of Tumor Location in pT3N0M0 Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-013-3349-z","article-title":"Metastatic Behavior of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma After Radical Nephroureterectomy: Association with Primary Tumor Location","volume":"21","author":"Tanaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045831","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2022.1045831","article-title":"The predictors and surgical outcomes of different distant metastases patterns in upper tract urothelial carcinoma: A SEER-based study","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Surg."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-013-1116-1","article-title":"Risk stratification of metastatic recurrence in invasive upper urinary tract carcinoma after radical nephroureterectomy without lymphadenectomy","volume":"32","author":"Colin","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.5489\/cuaj.5377","article-title":"Surveillance guidelines based on recurrence patterns for upper tract urothelial carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Locke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. Urol. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23047","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.25198","article-title":"Risk-stratified surveillance protocol improves cost-effectiveness after radical nephroureterectomy in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Momota","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2019.06.021","article-title":"A Novel Risk-based Approach Simulating Oncological Surveillance After Radical Nephroureterectomy in Patients with Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma","volume":"3","author":"Shigeta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143030","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1143030","article-title":"Optimization of postoperative surveillance protocols in upper tract urothelial cancer: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Lindner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30415-3","article-title":"Adjuvant chemotherapy in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (the POUT trial): A phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial","volume":"395","author":"Birtle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2022.11.014","article-title":"Oncologic and Safety Outcomes for Retrograde and Antegrade Endoscopic Surgeries for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Laukhtina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Focus"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-020-02439-5","article-title":"Importance of long-term follow-up after endoscopic management for upper tract urothelial carcinoma and factors leading to surgical management","volume":"52","author":"Mohapatra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.22343","article-title":"A review of upper urinary tract cytology performance before and after the implementation of The Paris System","volume":"129","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2016.04.030","article-title":"Diagnostic Utility of Selective Upper Tract Urinary Cytology: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Literature","volume":"96","author":"Potretzke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-015-1753-7","article-title":"Early repeated ureteroscopy within 6-8 weeks after a primary endoscopic treatment in patients with upper tract urothelial cell carcinoma: Preliminary findings","volume":"34","author":"Villa","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2022.11.016","article-title":"Oncologic and Safety Outcomes for Endoscopic Surgery Versus Radical Nephroureterectomy for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Kawada","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Focus"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2015.11.036","article-title":"Oncologic Outcomes of Kidney Sparing Surgery versus Radical Nephroureterectomy for the Elective Treatment of Clinically Organ Confined Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma of the Distal Ureter","volume":"195","author":"Seisen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euros.2022.04.007","article-title":"Survival and Long-term Effects of Kidney-sparing Surgery Versus Radical Nephroureterectomy on Kidney Function in Patients with Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma","volume":"40","author":"Hendriks","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.07.014","article-title":"Oncologic Outcomes of Kidney-sparing Surgery Versus Radical Nephroureterectomy for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Systematic Review by the EAU Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Guidelines Panel","volume":"70","author":"Seisen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34.e3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2013.01.001","article-title":"Distal ureterectomy is a safe surgical option in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the distal ureter","volume":"32","author":"Dalpiaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.12554","article-title":"Equivalent survival and improved preservation of renal function after distal ureterectomy compared with nephroureterectomy in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the distal ureter: A propensity score-matched multicenter study","volume":"21","author":"Fukushima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2012.12.059","article-title":"Comparative analysis of oncologic outcomes of partial ureterectomy vs radical nephroureterectomy in upper tract urothelial carcinoma","volume":"81","author":"Bagrodia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2012.10960.x","article-title":"Comparison of oncological outcomes after segmental ureterectomy or radical nephroureterectomy in urothelial carcinomas of the upper urinary tract: Results from a large French multicentre study","volume":"110","author":"Colin","year":"2012","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2016.08.008","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of oncological and renal function outcomes obtained after segmental ureterectomy versus radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma","volume":"42","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-013-0514-z","article-title":"Segmental ureterectomy does not compromise the oncologic outcome compared with nephroureterectomy for pure ureter cancer","volume":"46","author":"Hung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7828","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87573-5","article-title":"Comparison of oncologic and functional outcomes between radical nephroureterectomy and segmental ureterectomy for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1080\/14737140.2023.2245144","article-title":"Liquid biopsies for detection, surveillance, and prognosis of urothelial cancer: A future standard?","volume":"23","author":"Duquesne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Anticancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2020.05.039","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma in the Era of Next-generation Sequencing: A Systematic Review of the Current Literature","volume":"78","author":"Hassler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000002748","article-title":"DNA Methylation Urine Biomarkers Test in the Diagnosis of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: Results from a Single-Center Prospective Clinical Trial","volume":"208","author":"Territo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/MOU.0000000000001090","article-title":"PET in bladder cancer imaging","volume":"33","author":"Muin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Urol."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/16\/1\/44\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:39:12Z","timestamp":1760132352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/16\/1\/44"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers16010044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers16010044","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]}}}