{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:59:51Z","timestamp":1792605591389,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":423,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"NCI under the Wisconsin Head and Neck Cancer SPORE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50CA278595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50CA278595"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"NCI under the Wisconsin Head and Neck Cancer SPORE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01CA262292-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01CA262292-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50CA278595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50CA278595"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01CA262292-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01CA262292-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Head and neck cancers (HNCs) arise from the mucosal lining of the aerodigestive tract and are often associated with alcohol use, tobacco use, and\/or human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Over 600,000 new cases of HNC are diagnosed each year, making it the sixth most common cancer worldwide. Historically, treatments have included surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, and while these treatments are still the backbone of current therapy, several immunotherapies have recently been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in HNC. The role of the immune system in tumorigenesis and cancer progression has been explored since the early 20th century, eventually coalescing into the current three-phase model of cancer immunoediting. During each of the three phases\u2014elimination, equilibrium, and escape\u2014cancer cells develop and utilize multiple strategies to either reach or remain in the final phase, escape, at which point the tumor is able to grow and metastasize with little to no detrimental interference from the immune system. In this review, we summarize the many strategies used by HNC to escape the immune system, which include ways to evade immune detection, resist immune cell attacks, inhibit immune cell functions, and recruit pro-tumor immune cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16020312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T05:24:12Z","timestamp":1704950652000},"page":"312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Immune Escape Strategies in Head and Neck Cancer: Evade, Resist, Inhibit, Recruit"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2289-5194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kourtney L.","family":"Kostecki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7168-8680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mari","family":"Iida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8274-9104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bridget E.","family":"Crossman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9643-7626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravi","family":"Salgia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Harari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA"},{"name":"University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5902-7430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justine Y.","family":"Bruce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deric L.","family":"Wheeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA"},{"name":"University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21708","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2022","volume":"72","author":"Siegel","year":"2022","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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