{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:16:12Z","timestamp":1790745372875,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,20]],"date-time":"2024-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hellenic Association of Lung Cancer"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) is a common complication in lung cancer patients. Lung cancer confers an increased risk of thrombosis compared to other solid malignancies across all stages of the disease. Newer treatment agents, including checkpoint immunotherapy and targeted agents, may further increase the risk of CAT. Different risk-assessment models, such as the Khorana Risk Score, and newer approaches that incorporate genetic risk factors have been used in lung cancer patients to evaluate the risk of thrombosis. The management of CAT is based on the results of large prospective trials, which show similar benefits to low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in ambulatory patients. The anticoagulation agent and duration of therapy should be personalized according to lung cancer stage and histology, the presence of driver mutations and use of antineoplastic therapy, including recent curative lung surgery, chemotherapy or immunotherapy. Treatment options should be evaluated in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has been shown to impact the thrombotic risk in cancer patients. This review focuses on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, novel predictive scores and management of CAT in patients with active lung cancer, with a focus on immune checkpoint inhibitors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16020450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T06:49:31Z","timestamp":1705906171000},"page":"450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Lung Cancer Related Thrombosis (LCART): Focus on Immune Checkpoint Blockade"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5107-6430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andriani","family":"Charpidou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Internal Medicine and Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Sotiria General Hospital, 157 72 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2316-6348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grigorios","family":"Gerotziafas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Thrombosis Center, Service D\u2019H\u00e9matologie Biologique H\u00f4pital Tenon, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Popat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Marsden Hospital, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7267-3584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Scherpereel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Thoracic Oncology, University of Lille, University Hospital (CHU), 59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Georg","family":"Kopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular Oncology and Thoracic Oncology, Robert-Bosch-Hospital Stuttgart, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2784-5076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Bironzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilbert","family":"Massard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, H\u00f4pitaux Robert Schuman, 2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4571-7721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Department, Ram\u00f3n y Cajal Hospital, Instituto Ram\u00f3n y Cajal de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Falanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, University of Milan Bicocca, 24129 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2098-1665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasios","family":"Kollias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Internal Medicine and Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Sotiria General Hospital, 157 72 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Syrigos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Internal Medicine and Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Sotiria General Hospital, 157 72 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horsted, F., West, J., and Grainge, M.J. 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