{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:24:13Z","timestamp":1792589053208,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011684","name":"Crohn\u2019s &amp; Colitis Foundation Career Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CDA-581292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDA-581292"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011684","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011684","name":"Crohn\u2019s &amp; Colitis Foundation Career Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SRA-898958"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRA-898958"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011684","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011684","name":"Crohn\u2019s &amp; Colitis Foundation Career Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 DK097948"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DK097948"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011684","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011684","name":"Senior Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CDA-581292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDA-581292"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011684","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011684","name":"Senior Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SRA-898958"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRA-898958"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011684","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011684","name":"Senior Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 DK097948"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DK097948"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011684","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIDDK) Silvio O. Conte Cleveland Digestive Diseases Research Core Center (DDRCC)","award":["CDA-581292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDA-581292"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIDDK) Silvio O. Conte Cleveland Digestive Diseases Research Core Center (DDRCC)","award":["SRA-898958"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRA-898958"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIDDK) Silvio O. Conte Cleveland Digestive Diseases Research Core Center (DDRCC)","award":["P30 DK097948"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DK097948"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide, with chronic gastritis representing the main predisposing factor initiating the cascade of events leading to metaplasia and eventually progressing to cancer. A widely accepted classification distinguishes between autoimmune and environmental atrophic gastritis, mediated, respectively, by T cells promoting the destruction of the oxyntic mucosa, and chronic H. pylori infection, which has also been identified as the major risk factor for gastric cancer. The original dogma posits Th1 immunity as a main causal factor for developing gastritis and metaplasia. Recently, however, it has become evident that Th2 immune responses play a major role in the events causing chronic inflammation leading to tumorigenesis, and in this context, many different cell types and cytokines are involved. In particular, the activity of cytokines, such as IL-33 and IL-13, and cell types, such as mast cells, M2 macrophages and eosinophils, are intertwined in the process, promoting chronic gastritis-dependent and more diffuse metaplasia. Herein, we provide an overview of the critical events driving the pathology of this disease, focusing on the most recent findings regarding the importance of Th2 immunity in gastritis and gastric metaplasia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16030522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T08:44:07Z","timestamp":1706172247000},"page":"522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The Importance of Th2 Immune Responses in Mediating the Progression of Gastritis-Associated Metaplasia to Gastric Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Privitera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph J.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"De Salvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, October 12). Estimated Age-Standardized Mortality Rates (World) in 2020, Worldwide, Both Sexes, All Ages. Available online: https:\/\/gco.iarc.fr\/today\/online-analysis-multi-bars?v=2020&mode=cancer&mode_population=countries&population=900&populations=900&key=asr&sex=0&cancer=39&type=0&statistic=5&prevalence=0&population_group=0&ages_group%5B%5D=0&ages_group%5B%5D=17&nb_items=10&group_cancer=1&include_nmsc=1&include_nmsc_other=1&type_multiple=%257B%2522inc%2522%253Afalse%252C%2522mort%2522%253Atrue%252C%2522prev%2522%253Afalse%257D&orientation=horizontal&type_sort=0&type_nb_items=%257B%2522top%2522%253Atrue%252C%2522bottom%2522%253Afalse%257D."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machlowska, J., Baj, J., Sitarz, M., Maciejewski, R., and Sitarz, R. (2020). Gastric Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification, Genomic Characteristics and Treatment Strategies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21114012"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., and Chu, K.M. (2014). E-cadherin and gastric cancer: Cause, consequence, and applications. Biomed. Res. Int., 2014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/637308"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-2980.2011.00550.x","article-title":"The gastric precancerous cascade","volume":"13","author":"Correa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1997.00218.x","article-title":"Gastric corpus IL-8 concentration and neutrophil infiltration in duodenal ulcer patients","volume":"11","author":"Uemura","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S198","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-199700001-00031","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori, neutrophils, interleukins, and gastric epithelial proliferation","volume":"25","author":"Nakajima","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760000301301","article-title":"The role of neutrophils and inflammation in gastric mucosal injury","volume":"33","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199002083220603","article-title":"Intrafamilial clustering of Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"322","author":"Drumm","year":"1990","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01307520","article-title":"Mucosal humoral immune response to Helicobacter pylori in patients with duodenitis","volume":"36","author":"Crabtree","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529709025058","article-title":"Expression of mRNA for interferon-gamma, interleukin-10, and interleukin-12 (p40) in normal gastric mucosa and in mucosa infected with Helicobacter pylori","volume":"32","author":"Karttunen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830270723","article-title":"Different cytokine profile and antigen-specificity repertoire in Helicobacter pylori-specific T cell clones from the antrum of chronic gastritis patients with or without peptic ulcer","volume":"27","author":"Manghetti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.2.962","article-title":"T helper 1 effector cells specific for Helicobacter pylori in the gastric antrum of patients with peptic ulcer disease","volume":"158","author":"Manghetti","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70531-1","article-title":"Lymphocytes in the human gastric mucosa during Helicobacter pylori have a T helper cell 1 phenotype","volume":"114","author":"Bamford","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gastroenteroly"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5543","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.11.5543-5546.1998","article-title":"Antrum- and corpus mucosa-infiltrating CD4(+) lymphocytes in Helicobacter pylori gastritis display a Th1 phenotype","volume":"66","author":"Sommer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5964","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.12.5964-5971.1998","article-title":"Local cytokine response in Helicobacter pylori-infected subjects","volume":"66","author":"Lindholm","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.23248","article-title":"Complement activation directly induced by Helicobacter pylori","volume":"120","author":"Berstad","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1761","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis is rare in AIDS: Antibiotic effect or a consequence of immunodeficiency?","volume":"86","author":"Edwards","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1998.00282.x","article-title":"Prevalence and etiology of gastroduodenal ulcer in HIV-positive patients: A comparative study of 497 symptomatic subjects evaluated by endoscopy","volume":"93","author":"Varsky","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-19637","article-title":"Decreased prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in HIV patients with AIDS defining diseases","volume":"40","author":"Lichterfeld","year":"2002","journal-title":"Z. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)90002-3","article-title":"The parietal cell autoantigens recognized in neonatal thymectomy-induced murine gastritis are the alpha and beta subunits of the gastric proton pump","volume":"101","author":"Jones","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/PAT.0b013e32835cc22c","article-title":"Autoimmune gastritis: Novel clues to histological diagnosis","volume":"45","author":"Bettington","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0187-8","article-title":"Autoimmune gastritis","volume":"6","author":"Lenti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199902)29:02<669::AID-IMMU669>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Post-thymectomy autoimmune gastritis: Fine specificity and pathogenicity of anti-H\/K ATPase-reactive T cells","volume":"29","author":"Amar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1502344","article-title":"Regulatory T Cells Control Th2-Dominant Murine Autoimmune Gastritis","volume":"197","author":"Harakal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.09.040","article-title":"Interleukin 33 Triggers Early Eosinophil-Dependent Events Leading to Metaplasia in a Chronic Model of Gastritis-Prone Mice","volume":"160","author":"Pastorelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20131800","article-title":"Indigenous enteric eosinophils control DCs to initiate a primary Th2 immune response in vivo","volume":"211","author":"Chu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6059","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102299","article-title":"Eosinophils regulate dendritic cells and Th2 pulmonary immune responses following allergen provocation","volume":"187","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-04-346056","article-title":"Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells exert asymmetric control over murine helper responses by inducing Th2 cell apoptosis","volume":"118","author":"Tian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2001.02385.x","article-title":"Shift of the gastric T-cell response in gastric carcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Ren","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.728","article-title":"Pathology of gastric intestinal metaplasia: Clinical implications","volume":"105","author":"Correa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-16-1024","article-title":"High Salt Intake Is Associated with Atrophic Gastritis with Intestinal Metaplasia","volume":"26","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.47.1.61","article-title":"Interleukin-8 expression in Helicobacter pylori infected, normal, and neoplastic gastroduodenal mucosa","volume":"47","author":"Crabtree","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.09.018","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori flagellins have very low intrinsic activity to stimulate human gastric epithelial cells via TLR5","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00431-8","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"9","author":"Malfertheiner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01446-06","article-title":"Interleukin-12 drives the Th1 signaling pathway in Helicobacter pylori-infected human gastric mucosa","volume":"75","author":"Pellicano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6265150","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6265150","article-title":"Proinflammatory Cytokine IL-17 Shows a Significant Association with Helicobacter pylori Infection and Disease Severity","volume":"2017","author":"Arachchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"414","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the role of Helicobacter pylori eradication in preventing gastric cancer","volume":"30","author":"Rokkas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2007.11.021","article-title":"Interleukin-13 mucosal production in Helicobacter pylori-related gastric diseases","volume":"40","author":"Marotti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.01.040","article-title":"T cell subsets play an important role in the determination of the clinical outcome of Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"116","author":"Jafarzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa001999","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection and the development of gastric cancer","volume":"345","author":"Uemura","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Battista, S., Ambrosio, M.R., Limarzi, F., Gallo, G., and Saragoni, L. (2021). Molecular Alterations in Gastric Preneoplastic Lesions and Early Gastric Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136652"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0859-1883","article-title":"Management of epithelial precancerous conditions and lesions in the stomach (MAPS II): European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study Group (EHMSG), European Society of Pathology (ESP), and Sociedade Portuguesa de Endoscopia Digestiva (SPED) guideline update 2019","volume":"51","author":"Libanio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2003.015487","article-title":"Aberrant epithelial expression of trefoil family factor 2 and mucin 6 in Helicobacter pylori infected gastric antrum, incisura, and body and its association with antralisation","volume":"57","author":"Xia","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"92","article-title":"Overview of Current Concepts in Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia and Gastric Cancer","volume":"14","author":"Jencks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-5-10","article-title":"Expression profile of mucins (MUC2, MUC5AC and MUC6) in Helicobacter pylori infected pre-neoplastic and neoplastic human gastric epithelium","volume":"5","author":"Babu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28003","article-title":"Utility of subtyping intestinal metaplasia as marker of gastric cancer risk. A review of the evidence","volume":"133","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"639","article-title":"Identification of a metaplastic cell lineage associated with human gastric adenocarcinoma","volume":"79","author":"Schmidt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1241","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00239.2010","article-title":"Cytodifferentiation of the postnatal mouse stomach in normal and Huntingtin-interacting protein 1-related-deficient mice","volume":"299","author":"Keeley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.02.022","article-title":"Loss of Klf4 in mice causes altered proliferation and differentiation and precancerous changes in the adult stomach","volume":"128","author":"Katz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600170","article-title":"Hyperplastic gastric tumors induced by activated macrophages in COX-2\/mPGES-1 transgenic mice","volume":"23","author":"Oshima","year":"2004","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.07.014","article-title":"Carcinogenesis in mouse stomach by simultaneous activation of the Wnt signaling and prostaglandin E2 pathway","volume":"131","author":"Oshima","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.01.043","article-title":"Loss of Runx3 is a key event in inducing precancerous state of the stomach","volume":"140","author":"Ito","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3700682","article-title":"Emergence of spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia in Mongolian gerbils infected with Helicobacter pylori","volume":"87","author":"Yoshizawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.12.037","article-title":"Amphiregulin-deficient mice develop spasmolytic polypeptide expressing metaplasia and intestinal metaplasia","volume":"136","author":"Nam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.04.023","article-title":"Spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia and intestinal metaplasia: Time for reevaluation of metaplasias and the origins of gastric cancer","volume":"138","author":"Goldenring","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3541","article-title":"Lgr5-expressing chief cells drive epithelial regeneration and cancer in the oxyntic stomach","volume":"19","author":"Leushacke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2015.10.003","article-title":"Mist1 Expressing Gastric Stem Cells Maintain the Normal and Neoplastic Gastric Epithelium and Are Supported by a Perivascular Stem Cell Niche","volume":"28","author":"Hayakawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320368","article-title":"Dissecting transcriptional heterogeneity in primary gastric adenocarcinoma by single cell RNA sequencing","volume":"70","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98311","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201798311","article-title":"Regenerative proliferation of differentiated cells by mTORC1-dependent paligenosis","volume":"37","author":"Willet","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2015.3090","article-title":"TFF2, a MUC6-binding lectin stabilizing the gastric mucus barrier and more (Review)","volume":"47","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2019.04.015","article-title":"Cystine\/Glutamate Antiporter (xCT) Is Required for Chief Cell Plasticity after Gastric Injury","volume":"8","author":"Meyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.09.016","article-title":"DDIT4 Licenses Only Healthy Cells to Proliferate During Injury-induced Metaplasia","volume":"160","author":"Miao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.11.049","article-title":"Expression of Activated Ras in Gastric Chief Cells of Mice Leads to the Full Spectrum of Metaplastic Lineage Transitions","volume":"150","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2021.08.017","article-title":"Up-regulation of Aquaporin 5 Defines Spasmolytic Polypeptide-Expressing Metaplasia and Progression to Incomplete Intestinal Metaplasia","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.12.001","article-title":"Targeted Apoptosis of Parietal Cells Is Insufficient to Induce Metaplasia in Stomach","volume":"152","author":"Burclaff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.09.005","article-title":"Mature chief cells are cryptic progenitors for metaplasia in the stomach","volume":"139","author":"Nam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.09.050","article-title":"Tamoxifen induces rapid, reversible atrophy, and metaplasia in mouse stomach","volume":"142","author":"Huh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.02.007","article-title":"Macrophages promote progression of spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia after acute loss of parietal cells","volume":"146","author":"Petersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312779","article-title":"A signalling cascade of IL-33 to IL-13 regulates metaplasia in the mouse stomach","volume":"67","author":"Petersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G67","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00326.2016","article-title":"Maturity and age influence chief cell ability to transdifferentiate into metaplasia","volume":"312","author":"Weis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70581-5","article-title":"Mice lacking secretory phospholipase A2 show altered apoptosis and differentiation with Helicobacter felis infection","volume":"114","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(00)70412-4","article-title":"Synergistic interaction between hypergastrinemia and Helicobacter infection in a mouse model of gastric cancer","volume":"118","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.3.1490","article-title":"Cellular immune responses are essential for the development of Helicobacter felis-associated gastric pathology","volume":"163","author":"Roth","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(97)70155-0","article-title":"A standardized mouse model of Helicobacter pylori infection: Introducing the Sydney strain","volume":"112","author":"Lee","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.06.047","article-title":"Tolerance rather than immunity protects from Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric preneoplasia","volume":"140","author":"Arnold","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01437-15","article-title":"Gastric Metaplasia Induced by Helicobacter pylori Is Associated with Enhanced SOX9 Expression via Interleukin-1 Signaling","volume":"84","author":"Serizawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002269","article-title":"TLR-2-activated B cells suppress Helicobacter-induced preneoplastic gastric immunopathology by inducing T regulatory-1 cells","volume":"186","author":"Sayi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01344-13","article-title":"Deficiency of the myeloid differentiation primary response molecule MyD88 leads to an early and rapid development of Helicobacter-induced gastric malignancy","volume":"82","author":"Banerjee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-305092","article-title":"Obesity accelerates Helicobacter felis-induced gastric carcinogenesis by enhancing immature myeloid cell trafficking and TH17 response","volume":"63","author":"Ericksen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.09.048","article-title":"Lack of commensal flora in Helicobacter pylori-infected INS-GAS mice reduces gastritis and delays intraepithelial neoplasia","volume":"140","author":"Lofgren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"2459","article-title":"Hip1r is expressed in gastric parietal cells and is required for tubulovesicle formation and cell survival in mice","volume":"118","author":"Jain","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.06.041","article-title":"Spontaneous, immune-mediated gastric inflammation in SAMP1\/YitFc mice, a model of Crohn\u2019s-like gastritis","volume":"141","author":"Reuter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2630","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.02.041","article-title":"Reply","volume":"160","author":"Pizarro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.10.036","article-title":"Cellular Plasticity, Reprogramming, and Regeneration: Metaplasia in the Stomach and Beyond","volume":"162","author":"Goldenring","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1177\/147323000903700531","article-title":"The wound healing process: An overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms","volume":"37","author":"Velnar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G515","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00475.2003","article-title":"Inflammation and Cancer II. Role of chronic inflammation and cytokine gene polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal malignancy","volume":"286","author":"Macarthur","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-302401","article-title":"Heterogeneity in mouse spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia lineages identifies markers of metaplastic progression","volume":"62","author":"Weis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.11.278","article-title":"Metaplastic Cells in the Stomach Arise, Independently of Stem Cells, via Dedifferentiation or Transdifferentiation of Chief Cells","volume":"154","author":"Radyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2487","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1422445112","article-title":"IL-33 activates tumor stroma to promote intestinal polyposis","volume":"112","author":"Maywald","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.36.3.341","article-title":"Interferon gamma and interleukin 4 secreting cells in the gastric antrum in Helicobacter pylori positive and negative gastritis","volume":"36","author":"Karttunen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-5378.2003.00147.x","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori modulation of gastric and duodenal mucosal T cell cytokine secretions in children compared with adults","volume":"8","author":"Bontems","year":"2003","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1344","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori phase variation, immune modulation and gastric autoimmunity","volume":"4","author":"Bergman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/383787a0","article-title":"Functional diversity of helper T lymphocytes","volume":"383","author":"Abbas","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2008.10.011","article-title":"Overexpression of interleukin-1beta induces gastric inflammation and cancer and mobilizes myeloid-derived suppressor cells in mice","volume":"14","author":"Tu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.08.017","article-title":"Transgenic expression of interferon-gamma in mouse stomach leads to inflammation, metaplasia, and dysplasia","volume":"181","author":"Syu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301824","article-title":"Stromal cell-derived factor-1 overexpression induces gastric dysplasia through expansion of stromal myofibroblasts and epithelial progenitors","volume":"62","author":"Shibata","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.09.057","article-title":"Mice that express human interleukin-8 have increased mobilization of immature myeloid cells, which exacerbates inflammation and accelerates colon carcinogenesis","volume":"144","author":"Asfaha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2021.09.012","article-title":"IL13 Acts Directly on Gastric Epithelial Cells to Promote Metaplasia Development During Chronic Gastritis","volume":"13","author":"Noto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20171971","article-title":"Initiation of inflammatory tumorigenesis by CTLA4 insufficiency due to type 2 cytokines","volume":"215","author":"Miska","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162938","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1162938","article-title":"TNF+ regulatory T cells regulate the stemness of gastric cancer cells through the IL13\/STAT3 pathway","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.09.015","article-title":"IL-33, an interleukin-1-like cytokine that signals via the IL-1 receptor-related protein ST2 and induces T helper type 2-associated cytokines","volume":"23","author":"Schmitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8017","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912678107","article-title":"Epithelial-derived IL-33 and its receptor ST2 are dysregulated in ulcerative colitis and in experimental Th1\/Th2 driven enteritis","volume":"107","author":"Pastorelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08900","article-title":"Nuocytes represent a new innate effector leukocyte that mediates type-2 immunity","volume":"464","author":"Neill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joshi, A.D., Oak, S.R., Hartigan, A.J., Finn, W.G., Kunkel, S.L., Duffy, K.E., Das, A., and Hogaboam, C.M. (2010). Interleukin-33 contributes to both M1 and M2 chemokine marker expression in human macrophages. BMC Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-11-52"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3472","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000730","article-title":"IL-33 exacerbates eosinophil-mediated airway inflammation","volume":"185","author":"Stolarski","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1206587110","article-title":"IL-33 drives biphasic IL-13 production for noncanonical Type 2 immunity against hookworms","volume":"110","author":"Hung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3596","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-011-1760-5","article-title":"Serum interleukin-33 levels in patients with gastric cancer","volume":"56","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2746","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2015.3898","article-title":"IL-33-induced JNK pathway activation confers gastric cancer chemotherapy resistance","volume":"33","author":"Ye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3463-1","article-title":"IL-33 Promotes Gastric Cancer Cell Invasion and Migration Via ST2-ERK1\/2 Pathway","volume":"60","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5397.2261","article-title":"Requirement for IL-13 independently of IL-4 in experimental asthma","volume":"282","author":"Grunig","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2258","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5397.2258","article-title":"Interleukin-13: Central mediator of allergic asthma","volume":"282","author":"Luyimbazi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2016.05.004","article-title":"The Development of Spasmolytic Polypeptide\/TFF2-Expressing Metaplasia (SPEM) During Gastric Repair Is Absent in the Aged Stomach","volume":"2","author":"Engevik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2023.03.024","article-title":"Mitochondrial GRIM-19 loss in parietal cells promotes spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia through NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3)-mediated IL-33 activation via a reactive oxygen species (ROS) -NRF2- Heme oxygenase-1(HO-1)-NF-small ka, CyrillicB axis","volume":"202","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.05.058","article-title":"WFDC2 Promotes Spasmolytic Polypeptide-Expressing Metaplasia Through the Up-Regulation of IL33 in Response to Injury","volume":"161","author":"Jeong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E9362","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1803613115","article-title":"IL-33 promotes recovery from acute colitis by inducing miR-320 to stimulate epithelial restitution and repair","volume":"115","author":"Lopetuso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0212529","article-title":"TFF2\/SP-deficient mice show decreased gastric proliferation, increased acid secretion, and increased susceptibility to NSAID injury","volume":"109","author":"Farrell","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2014.12.003","article-title":"IL33 Is a Stomach Alarmin That Initiates a Skewed Th2 Response to Injury and Infection","volume":"1","author":"Buzzelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-022-02575-5","article-title":"A synergistic partnership between IL-33\/ST2 and Wnt pathway through Bcl-xL drives gastric cancer stemness and metastasis","volume":"42","author":"Kwon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"155","article-title":"Minute and small early gastric carcinoma with special reference to eosinophil infiltration","volume":"8","author":"Caruso","year":"1993","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI6560","article-title":"Fundamental signals that regulate eosinophil homing to the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"103","author":"Mishra","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2008.02958.x","article-title":"Eosinophils: Biological properties and role in health and disease","volume":"38","author":"Hogan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.11.028","article-title":"IL-33 Drives Eosinophil Infiltration and Pathogenic Type 2 Helper T-Cell Immune Responses Leading to Chronic Experimental Ileitis","volume":"186","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)91156-Z","article-title":"A small animal model of human Helicobacter pylori active chronic gastritis","volume":"99","author":"Lee","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2007.06.002","article-title":"Gastrointestinal eosinophilia","volume":"27","author":"Zuo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10676-1","article-title":"IL-33-mediated mast cell activation promotes gastric cancer through macrophage mobilization","volume":"10","author":"Eissmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2003.00442.x","article-title":"Eosinophils: \u2018New\u2019 roles for \u2018old\u2019 cells","volume":"59","author":"Munitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2006.05.007","article-title":"Mast cells: Not only in allergy","volume":"26","author":"Bachelet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, Y., Tian, W., Teng, Y., Wang, P., Zhao, Y., Li, Z., Tang, S., Chen, W., Xie, R., and Lu, M. (2023). Tumor-infiltrating mast cells stimulate ICOS(+) regulatory T cells through an IL-33 and IL-2 axis to promote gastric cancer progression. J. Adv. Res., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2023.04.013"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10240","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1217158110","article-title":"Essential, dose-dependent role for the transcription factor Gata3 in the development of IL-5+ and IL-13+ type 2 innate lymphoid cells","volume":"110","author":"Serafini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.05.011","article-title":"IL-33 promotes ST2-dependent lung fibrosis by the induction of alternatively activated macrophages and innate lymphoid cells in mice","volume":"134","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20130351","article-title":"A role for IL-25 and IL-33-driven type-2 innate lymphoid cells in atopic dermatitis","volume":"210","author":"Salimi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2014.10.007","article-title":"The role of ILC2 in pathology of type 2 inflammatory diseases","volume":"31","author":"Bernink","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.08.051","article-title":"Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells Coordinate Damage Response in the Stomach","volume":"159","author":"Meyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800292","article-title":"IL-33 Induces Murine Intestinal Goblet Cell Differentiation Indirectly via Innate Lymphoid Cell IL-13 Secretion","volume":"202","author":"Waddell","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herbert, D.R., Douglas, B., and Zullo, K. (2019). Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILC2): Type 2 Immunity and Helminth Immunity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092276"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6872","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42215-4","article-title":"A tuft cell-ILC2 signaling circuit provides therapeutic targets to inhibit gastric metaplasia and tumor development","volume":"14","author":"Carli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11083","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7095","article-title":"Tumor-infiltrating macrophages express interleukin-25 and predict a favorable prognosis in patients with gastric cancer after radical resection","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/16\/3\/522\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:49:21Z","timestamp":1760104161000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/16\/3\/522"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]]},"references-count":137,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers16030522"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers16030522","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]]}}}