{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:45:31Z","timestamp":1760143531691,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We performed a urine cytology analysis of a pharmacologically induced diuresis for the diagnosis of upper tract urothelial carcinoma. To evaluate the diagnostic value of cytology of pharmacologically forced diuresis, an initial cohort of 77 consecutive patients with primary upper tract urothelial carcinoma treated via radical surgery was enrolled. To evaluate pharmacologically forced diuresis cytology as a follow-up procedure, a second cohort of 1250 patients who underwent a radical cystectomy for bladder cancer was selected. In the first cohort, the sensitivity of cytology of pharmacologically forced diuresis in patients with invasive, high-grade, low-grade, and concomitant carcinoma in situ was 8%, 9%, 0%, and 14%, respectively. In the second cohort, cytology of pharmacologically forced diuresis was positive in 30\/689 (4.3%) patients, in whom upper urinary tract recurrence was present in 21\/30 (70%) of cases, and urethral recurrence was present in 8\/30 (26%) of cases. As a follow-up tool, cytology of pharmacologically forced diuresis showed a sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of 60%, 99%, 70%, and 98%, respectively. Overall, as a diagnostic tool, the sensitivity of cytology of pharmacologically forced diuresis is slightly better in patients with invasive upper tract urothelial carcinoma and concomitant carcinoma in situ. As a follow-up method, positive cytology of pharmacologically forced diuresis is strongly related to cancer recurrence and can reveal urethral recurrence. Cytology of pharmacologically forced diuresis might be useful in cases with contraindications for imaging or when achieving endoscopic access to the upper urinary tract is difficult.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16040758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T08:16:52Z","timestamp":1707725812000},"page":"758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Diagnostic Value of Urine Cytology in Pharmacologically Forced Diuresis for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Diagnosis and Follow-Up"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9844-1799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Giudici","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Hospital Center Biel, Vogelsang 84, 2501 Biel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Blarer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Hospital Center Biel, Vogelsang 84, 2501 Biel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3710-014X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niranjan","family":"Sathianathen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiona C.","family":"Burkhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3704-6785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick Y.","family":"Wuethrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1908-3286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George N.","family":"Thalmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3529-2088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland","family":"Seiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Hospital Center Biel, Vogelsang 84, 2501 Biel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department for BioMedical Research, Translational Organoid Resource Core, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc A.","family":"Furrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Solothurner Spit\u00e4ler AG, Kantonsspital Olten, 4600 Olten, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Solothurner Spit\u00e4ler AG, B\u00fcrgerspital Solothurn, 4500 Solothurn, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2012.12.027","article-title":"Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in Europe: Estimates for 40 countries in 2012","volume":"49","author":"Ferlay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. 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