{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:34:30Z","timestamp":1787243670988,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]],"date-time":"2024-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Excellence Initiative\u2014Research University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, together with apoptotic bodies form a diverse group of nanoparticles that play a crucial role in intercellular communication, participate in numerous physiological and pathological processes. In the context of cancer, they can allow the transfer of bioactive molecules and genetic material between cancer cells and the surrounding stromal cells, thus promoting such processes as angiogenesis, metastasis, and immune evasion. In this article, we review recent advances in understanding how EVs, especially exosomes, influence tumor progression and modulation of the microenvironment. The key mechanisms include exosomes inducing the epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition, polarizing macrophages toward protumoral phenotypes, and suppressing antitumor immunity. The therapeutic potential of engineered exosomes is highlighted, including their loading with drugs, RNA therapeutics, or tumor antigens to alter the tumor microenvironment. Current techniques for their isolation, characterization, and engineering are discussed. Ongoing challenges include improving exosome loading efficiency, optimizing biodistribution, and enhancing selective cell targeting. Overall, exosomes present promising opportunities to understand tumorigenesis and develop more targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies by exploiting the natural intercellular communication networks in tumors. In the context of oncology, regulatory therapy provides the possibility of reproducing the original conditions that are unfavorable for the existence of the cancer process and may thus be a feasible alternative to population treatments. We also review current access to the technology enabling regulatory intervention in the cancer process using exosomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16050923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T11:31:21Z","timestamp":1708947081000},"page":"923","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Exosomes\u2014Promising Carriers for Regulatory Therapy in Oncology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0939-7695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa Maria","family":"J\u00f3\u017awicka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5885-3415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrycja Maria","family":"Erdma\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1109-7755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Stachowicz-Karpi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Lung Diseases, Tuberculosis and Sarcoidosis, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Pulmonology Center, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9849-6715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Olkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eurecat, Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Catalunya, Unitat de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica, Marcel\u00b7l\u00ed Domingo 2, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"J\u00f3\u017awicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Pulmonology Center, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01102-y","article-title":"Radiotherapy Combined with Immunotherapy: The Dawn of Cancer Treatment","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. 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