{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T13:56:25Z","timestamp":1781272585447,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III Ministerio de Ciencia e innovaci\u00f3n and Feder Funds","award":["FIS PI21\/00953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIS PI21\/00953"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III Ministerio de Ciencia e innovaci\u00f3n and Feder Funds","award":["PI21\/00315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00315"]}]},{"name":"Research Group of the Government of Aragon B59-23D Dermatolog\u00eda y Fotobiolog\u00eda","award":["FIS PI21\/00953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIS PI21\/00953"]}]},{"name":"Research Group of the Government of Aragon B59-23D Dermatolog\u00eda y Fotobiolog\u00eda","award":["PI21\/00315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00315"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This comprehensive review delves into various immunotherapeutic approaches for the management of actinic keratoses (AKs), precancerous skin lesions associated with UV exposure. Although there are treatments whose main mechanism of action is immune modulation, such as imiquimod or diclofenac, other treatments, apart from their main effect on dysplastic cells, exert some immunological action, which in the end contributes to their efficacy. While treatments like 5-fluorouracil, imiquimod, photodynamic therapy, and nicotinamide are promising in the management of AKs, especially in immunocompetent individuals, their efficacy is somewhat reduced in solid organ transplant recipients due to immunosuppression. The analysis extends to optimal combination, focusing on cryoimmunotherapy as the most relevant. New immunotherapies include resimiquimod, ingenol disoxate, N-phosphonacetyl-L-aspartate (PALA), or anti-PD1 that have shown promising results, although more studies are needed in order to standardize their use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16061133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T12:14:40Z","timestamp":1710245680000},"page":"1133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Topical Immunotherapy for Actinic Keratosis and Field Cancerization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Bernal Masferrer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Dermatology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Gracia Caza\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Dermatology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Bernad Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Dermatology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1691-3280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcial","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Salafranca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Dermatology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Almenara Blasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Dermatology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5767-4258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Gallego Rentero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6574-2887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngeles","family":"Juarranz de la Fuente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8034-3617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yolanda","family":"Gilaberte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Dermatology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2016.05.016","article-title":"Prevalence of Actinic Keratosis among Dermatology Outpatients in Spain","volume":"107","author":"Plazas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiloiogr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2012.09.053","article-title":"Pathobiology of Actinic Keratosis: Ultraviolet-Dependent Keratinocyte Proliferation","volume":"68","author":"Berman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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