{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T02:26:16Z","timestamp":1793067976138,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Worldwide, breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in women, with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) being the most aggressive molecular subtype. Due to the dearth of effective therapeutic options for TNBC, novel agents targeting key mechanisms and pathways in cancer cells are continuously explored; these include ATR inhibitors, which target the ATR kinase involved in the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway, and CHK1\/2 inhibitors, which target the Checkpoint Kinase 1\/2 (CHK1\/2) involved in cell cycle arrest and DNA repair. ATR and CHK1\/2 inhibitors show potential as prospective treatments for TNBC by focusing on the DDR and interfering with cell cycle regulation in cancer cells. Preliminary preclinical and clinical findings suggest that when combined with chemotherapy, ATR and CHK1\/2 inhibitors demonstrate significant anti-proliferative efficacy against TNBC. In this article, we introduce ATR and CHK1\/2 inhibitors as promising therapeutic approaches for the management of TNBC. Preclinical and clinical studies performed evaluating ATR and CHK1\/2 inhibitors for the treatment of TNBC and associated challenges encountered in this context to date are reviewed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16061139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T13:08:43Z","timestamp":1710335323000},"page":"1139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Triple-Negative Breast Cancer and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies: ATR and CHK1\/2 as Promising Targets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9882-9478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amalia","family":"Sofianidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Unit, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital for Chest Diseases, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1959-0536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ecaterina E.","family":"Dumbrava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos N.","family":"Syrigos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Unit, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital for Chest Diseases, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azadeh","family":"Nasrazadani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21590","article-title":"Cancer Statistics, 2020","volume":"70","author":"Siegel","year":"2020","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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