{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T12:25:01Z","timestamp":1778934301952,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004917","name":"Cancer Prevention Research Institute of Texas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RR180061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RR180061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004917","name":"Cancer Prevention Research Institute of Texas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01CA269764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01CA269764"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004917","name":"Cancer Prevention Research Institute of Texas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5P01CA206980-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5P01CA206980-05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Cancer Institute of the National Institute of Health","award":["RR180061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RR180061"]}]},{"name":"National Cancer Institute of the National Institute of Health","award":["1R01CA269764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01CA269764"]}]},{"name":"National Cancer Institute of the National Institute of Health","award":["5P01CA206980-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5P01CA206980-05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer and its incidence and mortality vary by sex, age, race, and socioeconomic status. Relatively few studies, however, have characterized disparities in survival improvement across these demographic groups in melanoma. Methods: Survival data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database were obtained from 2004 to 2018. The compiled data were analyzed for cancer-specific survival (CSS) to produce multivariable Cox regressions that estimate sex-based survival disparities across patient demographic groups. Additionally, time-to-progression and survival analyses were conducted for a cohort of patients with carcinoma-in situ (CIS) that developed into melanoma. Results: In both female and male patients, melanoma diagnosis in more recent years (2014\u20132018 versus 2004\u20132008) was associated with an improved CSS, with females demonstrating an HR of 0.55 (95% CI: 0.49\u20130.60) and males demonstrating an HR of 0.49 (0.46\u20130.53). The trend remained consistent upon analyzing the effects of both sex and race on survival improvement for White and Hispanic males and females, but the results were not significant for Black and Asian patients. Joint sex and age analysis demonstrated significant reductions in HR across all age groups for female and male patients with a diagnosis in more recent years. Analysis of lesions progressing from CIS to melanoma (high-risk CIS) demonstrated an increased OR for males over females (OR: 1.70; 95% CI: 1.55\u20131.85), while survival analysis demonstrated no difference between sexes in the HR. Finally, for male patients, high-risk CIS demonstrated worse CSS compared to female patients with high-risk CIS (OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.15\u20131.79). Conclusion: Overall, melanoma survival has improved in recent years, though some patient subgroups have experienced a lower improvement in survival from 2004 to 2018.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16071308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T12:41:57Z","timestamp":1711543317000},"page":"1308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Sex-Based Differences in Melanoma Survival Improvement from 2004 to 2018"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1172-5686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vikram R.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Hudock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baoyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8540-7023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Amos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5002-3417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S311694","article-title":"Racial Disparities in Patients with Melanoma: A Multivariate Survival Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Brady","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. 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(2000). Modeling Survival Data: Extending the Cox Model, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3294-8"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2011.05.035","article-title":"Association of cutaneous melanoma incidence with area-based socioeconomic indicators\u2014United States, 2004\u20132006","volume":"65","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2019.1657223","article-title":"Prognostic impact of socioeconomic status among patients with malignant melanoma of the skin: A population-based study","volume":"31","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"5257","article-title":"Skin Cancer Concerns in People of Color: Risk Factors and Prevention","volume":"17","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knight, A., Karapetyan, L., and Kirkwood, J.M. (2023). Immunotherapy in Melanoma: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15041106"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s40487-020-00109-1","article-title":"Gender Differences and Outcomes in Melanoma Patients","volume":"8","author":"Morgese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2019.7851","article-title":"Sex-Based Differences in Melanoma Survival in a Contemporary Patient Cohort","volume":"29","author":"Hieken","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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Lung Cancer Res."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/16\/7\/1308\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:19:41Z","timestamp":1760105981000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/16\/7\/1308"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers16071308"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers16071308","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]}}}