{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T22:00:53Z","timestamp":1784757653395,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FONDECYT\/PROCIENCIA","award":["EF033-235-2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EF033-235-2015"]}]},{"name":"FONDECYT\/PROCIENCIA","award":["D43 TW007393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43 TW007393"]}]},{"name":"Fogarty International Center of the US National Institutes of Health","award":["EF033-235-2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EF033-235-2015"]}]},{"name":"Fogarty International Center of the US National Institutes of Health","award":["D43 TW007393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43 TW007393"]}]},{"name":"Laboratorio Centinela de Helicobacter pylori, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Per\u00fa","award":["EF033-235-2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EF033-235-2015"]}]},{"name":"Laboratorio Centinela de Helicobacter pylori, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Per\u00fa","award":["D43 TW007393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43 TW007393"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We explored the clinical-stage association of gastric intestinal metaplasia (IM) compared to cases of chronic non-atrophic gastritis (CNAG) and its relationship with virulence genotypes of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) clinical isolates from patients with dyspepsia in Peru. This study was cross-sectional and included 158 H. pylori clinical isolates; each isolate corresponded to a different Peruvian patient, genotyped by polymerase chain reaction to detect cagA gene and EPIYA motifs, the vacA gene (alleles s1, s2, i1, i2, d1, d2, m1, m2 and subtypes s1a, s1b and s1c), the iceA gene (alleles 1 and 2), and the babA gene (allele 2). We observed that 38.6% presented with IM and that all clinical isolates were CagA positive. The EPIYA-ABC motif was predominant (68.4%), and we observed a high frequency for the vacA gene alleles s1 (94.9%), m1 (81.7%), i1 (63.9%), and d1 (70.9%). Strains with both iceA alleles were also detected (69.6%) and 52.2% were babA2 positive. In addition, it was observed that the cagA+\/vacAs1m1 (PR: 2.42, 1.14 to 5.13, p &lt; 0.05) and cagA+\/vacAs1am1 (PR: 1.67, 1.13 to 2.45, p &lt; 0.01) genotypes were associated with IM. Our findings revealed the cagA and vacA risk genotypes predominance, and we provided clinically relevant associations between Peruvian patients with H. pylori infection and IM clinical stage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16081476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T03:34:37Z","timestamp":1712892877000},"page":"1476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Helicobacter pylori cagA, vacA, iceA and babA Genotypes from Peruvian Patients with Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4366-0258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Centinela de Helicobacter pylori, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15024, Peru"},{"name":"Facultad de Salud P\u00fablica y Administraci\u00f3n, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Centinela de Helicobacter pylori, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15024, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0934-1317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anabel D.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Siccha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioqu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Trujillo 13011, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Bussalleu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Centinela de Helicobacter pylori, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15024, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7540-5868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba A.","family":"Trespalacios-Rangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogot\u00e1 110231, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andres G.","family":"Lescano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Salud P\u00fablica y Administraci\u00f3n, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3919-532X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel","family":"Sauvain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Centinela de Helicobacter pylori, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15024, Peru"},{"name":"UMR 152 Pharmacochimie et Biologie pour le D\u00e9veloppement (PHARMA-DEV), Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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