{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:58:22Z","timestamp":1791568702854,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The King Hussein Cancer Center (Amman, Jordan)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality and morbidity worldwide. Ocular and periocular metastasis present as a rare but clinically significant manifestation. This study aims to explore demographics and clinical aspects of ocular and periocular metastasis in breast cancer patients. Methods: A retrospective cohort study comprising 45 breast cancer patients with ocular or periocular metastasis treated between 2013 and 2023. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, diagnostic methods, treatment modalities, visual outcomes, and survival data were analyzed. Results: Among 9902 breast cancer patients, 0.5% developed ocular or periocular metastasis, constituting 2.4% of metastatic cases. The median age was 50 years. Ocular metastasis timing varied: 5% before breast cancer, 24% concurrent, 22% within a year, and 49% after. The most common presentations included incidental MRI findings (42%) and vision decline (31%). Metastasis involved the orbit (47%), choroid (40%), optic nerve (11%), and iris (2%), with 44% having bilateral involvement. Predictive factors included invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) (p &lt; 0.0001) and brain metastasis (p &lt; 0.0001), with ILC exhibiting a sixfold higher likelihood of ocular metastasis than invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Primary treatment was radiation therapy (89%), yielding a 55% maintenance of excellent vision (&lt;0.5), with 93% developing dry eye disease. Patients with ocular metastasis faced an increased risk of disease-related mortality (p &lt; 0.0001), with 71% succumbing within 10 months post-diagnosis. Conclusions: Ocular metastasis in breast cancer is rare (0.5%) but signifies poor outcome. It is linked to ILC and concurrent brain metastasis. Primary treatment involves radiation therapy, with a favorable visual prognosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16081518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T09:16:33Z","timestamp":1713258993000},"page":"1518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Ocular and Periocular Metastasis in Breast Cancer: Clinical Characteristics, Prognostic Factors and Treatment Outcome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7750-6454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yacoub A.","family":"Yousef","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman 11941, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8318-1171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mona","family":"Mohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman 11941, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanan","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman 11941, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tala","family":"Khouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman 11941, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rand","family":"Alsweiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman 11941, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Khzouz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman 11941, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dima","family":"Abu Laban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman 11941, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imad","family":"Jaradat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman 11941, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6256-861X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad Kh.","family":"Ibrahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman 11941, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0978-4716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akram","family":"Al-Ibraheem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman 11941, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud Al","family":"Masri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman 11941, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"AlNawiaseh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman 11941, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2833-6051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hikmat","family":"Abdel-Razeq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman 11941, Jordan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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