{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:52:55Z","timestamp":1792601575960,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the profession placing great emphasis on oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) as a gateway for early recognition and consequently better outcomes for oral cancer, the death rates for lip and oral cavity cancer have remained stagnant for three decades. Evidence shows that only a small fraction of oral cancers are in fact preceded by OPMDs, and that most OPMDs have an annual transformation rate of less than 1%. As OPMDs encompass a very heterogeneous group of oral conditions, it could be argued that only patients with oral mucosal diseases bearing a substantial risk of malignant transformation warrant close surveillance and treatment, these include proliferative leukoplakia, erythroplakia, non-homogeneous leukoplakia, as well as diseases presenting with severe dysplasia at biopsy. In this narrative review, I discuss the intricate epidemiology of the malignancies that we colloquially refer to as oral cancer, explore the limitations of focusing on OPMDs to reduce the incidence and mortality of oral cavity cancer, and argue that a may-be cancer label represents overdiagnosis for most OPMDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16081550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T10:30:52Z","timestamp":1713436252000},"page":"1550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Precursor Lesions, Overdiagnosis, and Oral Cancer: A Critical Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1429-1323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Cirillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia"},{"name":"School of Dentistry, University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan"},{"name":"CoTreatAI, CoTreat Pty Ltd., Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21348","article-title":"The American Cancer Society challenge goal to reduce US cancer mortality by 50% between 1990 and 2015: Results and reflections","volume":"66","author":"Byers","year":"2016","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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