{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:45:31Z","timestamp":1791927931975,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The fifth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification for urogenital tumors, released in 2022, introduces some novelties in the chapter on renal epithelial tumors compared to the previous 2016 classification. Significant changes include the recognition of new disease entities and adjustments in the nomenclature for certain pathologies. Notably, each tumor entity now includes minimum essential and desirable criteria for reliable diagnosis. This classification highlights the importance of biological and molecular characterization alongside traditional cytological and architectural features. In this view, immunophenotyping through immunohistochemistry (IHC) plays a crucial role in bridging morphology and genetics. This article aims to present and discuss the role of key immunohistochemical markers that support the diagnosis of new entities recognized in the WHO classification, focusing on critical topics associated with single markers, in the context of specific tumors, such as the clear cell capillary renal cell tumor (CCPRCT), eosinophilic solid and cystic renal cell carcinoma (ESC-RCC), and so-called \u201cother oncocytic tumors\u201d, namely the eosinophilic vacuolated tumor (EVT) and low-grade oncocytic tumor (LOT). Their distinctive characteristics and immunophenotypic profiles, along with insights regarding diagnostic challenges and the differential diagnosis of these tumors, are provided. This state-of-the-art review offers valuable insights in biomarkers associated with novel renal tumors, as well as a tool to implement diagnostic strategies in routine practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16101856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T08:33:03Z","timestamp":1715589183000},"page":"1856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Diagnostic Biomarkers in Renal Cell Tumors According to the Latest WHO Classification: A Focus on Selected New Entities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Sanguedolce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Policlinico Foggia, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Mazzucchelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, United Hospitals, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ugo Giovanni","family":"Falagario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Policlinico Foggia, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Cormio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti Di Ancona, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica Delle Marche, Via Conca 71, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8733-9933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magda","family":"Zanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2299-5160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Palicelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9841-7856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Zizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Oncology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albino","family":"Eccher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Brunelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University Hospital of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8313-5338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea Benedetto","family":"Galosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti Di Ancona, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica Delle Marche, Via Conca 71, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Carrieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Policlinico Foggia, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Cormio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Policlinico Foggia, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Bonomo Teaching Hospital, 76123 Andria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2022.06.016","article-title":"The 2022 World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs-Part A: Renal, Penile, and Testicular Tumours","volume":"82","author":"Moch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"8","article-title":"What\u2019s new in the WHO 2022 classification of kidney tumours?","volume":"115","author":"Alaghehbandan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathologica"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2022-0493-RA","article-title":"The Application and Pitfalls of Immunohistochemical Markers in Challenging Diagnosis of Genitourinary Pathology","volume":"148","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000185382.80844.b1","article-title":"Spectrum of epithelial neoplasms in end-stage renal disease: An experience from 66 tumor-bearing kidneys with emphasis on histologic patterns distinct from those in sporadic adult renal neoplasia","volume":"30","author":"Tickoo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e318164bcbb","article-title":"Clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma: A distinct histopathologic and molecular genetic entity","volume":"32","author":"Gobbo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2020.10.002","article-title":"Clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma: An update after 15 years","volume":"53","author":"Williamson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s12253-017-0271-x","article-title":"The Tumor Entity Denominated \u201cclear cell-papillary renal cell carcinoma\u201d According to the WHO 2016 new Classification, have the Clinical Characters of a Renal Cell Adenoma as does Harbor a Benign Outcome","volume":"24","author":"Massari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pathol. Oncol. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1111\/his.14071","article-title":"Defining clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma in routine clinical practice","volume":"76","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38986","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.38986","article-title":"Abnormal oxidative metabolism in a quiet genomic background underlies clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2017.06.016","article-title":"GATA3 as a valuable marker to distinguish clear cell papillary renal cell carcinomas from morphologic mimics","volume":"66","author":"Mantilla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2016.05.014","article-title":"Validation of 34betaE12 immunoexpression in clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma as a sensitive biomarker","volume":"49","author":"Martignoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000001476","article-title":"Report from the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consultation Conference on Molecular Pathology of Urogenital Cancers: III: Molecular Pathology of Kidney Cancer","volume":"44","author":"Williamson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M., Joo, J.W., Lee, S.J., Cho, Y.A., Park, C.K., and Cho, N.H. (2020). Comprehensive Immunoprofiles of Renal Cell Carcinoma Subtypes. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12030602"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.22355","article-title":"Cytomorphologic analysis of clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma: Distinguishing diagnostic features","volume":"129","author":"Griffin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2021.11.001","article-title":"Immunohistochemistry for the diagnosis of renal epithelial neoplasms","volume":"39","author":"Akgul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000258","article-title":"Best practices recommendations in the application of immunohistochemistry in the kidney tumors: Report from the International Society of Urologic Pathology consensus conference","volume":"38","author":"Reuter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2022.153960","article-title":"Analysis of clinicopathological and molecular features of ELOC(TCEB1)-mutant renal cell carcinoma","volume":"235","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.06.040","article-title":"A Molecular Marker for Eosinophilic Solid and Cystic Renal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"74","author":"Argani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-021-00737-6","article-title":"Novel, emerging and provisional renal entities: The Genitourinary Pathology Society (GUPS) update on renal neoplasia","volume":"34","author":"Trpkov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000617","article-title":"Fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma is strongly correlated with fumarate hydratase mutation and hereditary Leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma syndrome","volume":"40","author":"Trpkov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000248","article-title":"Tuberous sclerosis-associated renal cell carcinoma: A clinicopathologic study of 57 separate carcinomas in 18 patients","volume":"38","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1177\/1066896909333510","article-title":"Distinctive morphology of renal cell carcinomas in tuberous sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Schreiner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000001111","article-title":"Eosinophilic solid and cystic (ESC) renal cell carcinomas harbor TSC mutations: Molecular analysis supports an expanding clinicopathologic spectrum","volume":"42","author":"Palsgrove","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1111\/his.13457","article-title":"Eosinophilic solid and cystic renal cell carcinomas have metastatic potential","volume":"72","author":"McKenney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2018.05.023","article-title":"Eosinophilic solid and cystic renal cell carcinoma mimicking epithelioid angiomyolipoma: Series of 4 primary tumors and 2 metastases","volume":"80","author":"Tretiakova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000838","article-title":"Eosinophilic Solid and Cystic Renal Cell Carcinoma (ESC RCC): Further Morphologic and Molecular Characterization of ESC RCC as a Distinct Entity","volume":"41","author":"Trpkov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/his.14700","article-title":"WHO 2022 landscape of papillary and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma","volume":"81","author":"Lobo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siadat, F., and Trpkov, K. (2020). ESC, ALK, HOT and LOT: Three Letter Acronyms of Emerging Renal Entities Knocking on the Door of the WHO Classification. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12010168"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/his.13395","article-title":"Re-evaluation of 33 \u2018unclassified\u2019 eosinophilic renal cell carcinomas in young patients","volume":"72","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2020.06.007","article-title":"Immunophenotypic and pathologic heterogeneity of unclassified renal cell carcinoma: A study of 300 cases","volume":"102","author":"Akgul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pivovarcikovam, K., Alaghehbandan, R., Vanecek, T., Ohashi, R., Pitra, T., and Hes, O. (2022). TSC\/ mTOR pathway mutation associated eosinophilic\/oncocytic renal neoplasms: A heterogeneous group of tumors with distinct morphology, immunohistochemical profile, and similar genetic background. Biomedicine, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10020322"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00292-021-00998-7","article-title":"Eosinophiles solide und zystisches Nierenzellkarzinom (ESC-NZK) [Eosinophilic, solid, and cystic renal cell carcinoma (ESC-RCC)]","volume":"42","author":"Hartmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathologe"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"23","article-title":"WHO 2022 Classification of Kidney Tumors: What is relevant? An update and future novelties for the pathologist","volume":"115","author":"Marletta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathologica"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"405","article-title":"Low-grade oncocytic tumor (LOT)\u2014A new renal entity ready for a prime time: An updated review","volume":"37","author":"Mansoor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-018-2456-4","article-title":"\u201cHigh-grade oncocytic renal tumor\u201d: Morphologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 14 cases","volume":"473","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000001170","article-title":"Somatic mutations of TSC2 or MTOR characterize a morphologically distinct subset of sporadic renal cell carcinoma with eosinophilic and vacuolated cytoplasm","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000001955","article-title":"TSC\/MTOR-associated eosinophilic renal tumors exhibit a heterogeneous clinicopathologic spectrum: A targeted next-generation sequencing and gene expression profiling study","volume":"46","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-021-00923-6","article-title":"Eosinophilic vacuolated tumor (EVT) of kidney demonstrates sporadic TSC\/MTOR mutations: Next-generation sequencing multi-institutional study of 19 cases","volume":"35","author":"Gatalica","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2021.06.002","article-title":"Co-existence of ESC-RCC, EVT, and LOT as synchronous and metachronous tumors in six patients with multifocal neoplasia but without clinical features of tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"116","author":"Lerma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/PAP.0000000000000299","article-title":"Eosinophilic vacuolated tumor of the kidney: A review of evolving concepts in this novel subtype with additional insights from a case with MTOR mutation and concomitant chromosome 1 loss","volume":"28","author":"Kapur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Anat. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-022-01057-z","article-title":"Do we need an updated classification of oncocytic renal tumors? Emergence of low-grade oncocytic tumor (LOT) and eosinophilic vacuolated tumor (EVT) as novel renal entities","volume":"35","author":"Hes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/his.13865","article-title":"Low-grade oncocytic tumor of kidney (CD117 Negative, Cytokeratin 7 Positive): A distinct entity?","volume":"75","author":"Trpkov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2021.04.013","article-title":"Low-grade oncocytic tumor of kidney (CK7-positive, CD117-negative): Incidence in a single institutional experience with clinicopathological and molecular characteristics","volume":"114","author":"Kravtsov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-021-00896-6","article-title":"Germline and sporadic mTOR pathway mutations in low-grade oncocytic tumor of the kidney","volume":"35","author":"Kapur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-021-00906-7","article-title":"Low-grade oncocytic renal tumor (LOT): Mutations in mTOR pathway genes and low expression of FOXI1","volume":"35","author":"Morini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2021-207478","article-title":"Low-grade oncocytic tumour expands the spectrum of renal oncocytic tumours and deserves separate classification: A review of 23 cases from a single tertiary institute","volume":"75","author":"Akgul","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/his.14816","article-title":"Low-grade oncocytic tumour of the kidney is characterised by genetic alterations of TSC1, TSC2, MTOR or PIK3CA and consistent GATA3 positivity","volume":"82","author":"Williamson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2021.09.010","article-title":"Morphologic overlap between low-grade oncocytic tumor and eosinophilic variant of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma","volume":"119","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s42047-020-00084-x","article-title":"Classification of renal cell tumors\u2014Current concepts and use of ancillary tests: Recommendations of the Brazilian Society of Pathology","volume":"4","author":"Athanazio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-021-00969-6","article-title":"Oncocytic renal neoplasms with diffuse keratin 7 immunohistochemistry harbor frequent alterations in the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway","volume":"35","author":"Mohanty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.5858\/2007-131-1782-VRIROI","article-title":"Vimentin reactivity in renal oncocytoma: Immunohistochemical study of 234 cases","volume":"131","author":"Hes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-023-03673-9","article-title":"Evaluation of an institutional series of low-grade oncocytic tumor (LOT) of the kidney review of the mutational landscape of LOT","volume":"483","author":"Ricci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e3182a0218f","article-title":"GATA3: A multispecific but potentially useful marker in surgical pathology: A systematic analysis of 2500 epithelial nonepithelial tumors","volume":"38","author":"Miettinen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.5858\/2010-0478-RAR.1","article-title":"Immunohistochemical diagnosis of renal neoplasms","volume":"135","author":"Truong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuffaha, M.S.A., Guski, H., and Kristiansen, G. (2018). Immunohistochemistry in Tumor Diagnostics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-53577-7"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Dabbs, D.J. (2019). Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry Theranostic and Genomic Applications, Elsevier. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/his.14204","article-title":"Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9) expression in multiple renal epithelial tumour subtypes","volume":"77","author":"Baniak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2005.09.011","article-title":"The role of carbonic anhydrase IX overexpression in kidney cancer","volume":"41","author":"Dorai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.21037\/tcr.2017.05.19","article-title":"Renal cell carcinoma: The search for a reliable biomarker","volume":"6","author":"Farber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2011-0472-RA","article-title":"Role of immunohistochemistry in diagnosing renal neoplasms: When is it really useful?","volume":"136","author":"Shen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cali\u00f2, A., Brunelli, M., Gobbo, S., Argani, P., Munari, E., Netto, G., and Martignoni, G. (2021). Cathepsin K: A Novel Diagnostic and Predictive Biomarker for Renal Tumors. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13102441"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1177\/1066896921991588","article-title":"Cathepsin K (Clone EPR19992) Demonstrates Uniformly Positive Immunoreactivity in Renal Oncocytoma, Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma, and Distal Tubules","volume":"29","author":"Iakymenko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2024.152297","article-title":"Alpha-methyl CoA racemase (AMACR) reactivity across the spectrum of clear cell renal cell neoplasms","volume":"71","author":"Rotterova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Diagn. Pathol."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/16\/10\/1856\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:41:17Z","timestamp":1760107277000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/16\/10\/1856"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers16101856"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers16101856","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]}}}