{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:06:36Z","timestamp":1760144796146,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]],"date-time":"2024-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health Small Business Innovation Research","award":["1R43CA150320-01A1","P30CA016672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R43CA150320-01A1","P30CA016672"]}]},{"name":"Cancer Center Support (Core)","award":["1R43CA150320-01A1","P30CA016672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R43CA150320-01A1","P30CA016672"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can facilitate accurate organ delineation and optimal dose distributions in high-dose-rate (HDR) MRI-Assisted Radiosurgery (MARS). Its use for this purpose has been limited by the lack of positive-contrast MRI markers that can clearly delineate the lumen of the HDR applicator and precisely show the path of the HDR source on T1- and T2-weighted MRI sequences. We investigated a novel MRI positive-contrast HDR brachytherapy or interventional radiotherapy line marker, C4:S, consisting of C4 (visible on T1-weighted images) complexed with saline. Longitudinal relaxation time (T1) and transverse relaxation time (T2) for C4:S were measured on a 1.5 T MRI scanner. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) tubing filled with C4:S as an HDR brachytherapy line marker was tested for visibility on T1- and T2-weighted MRI sequences in a tissue-equivalent female ultrasound training pelvis phantom. Relaxivity measurements indicated that C4:S solution had good T1-weighted contrast (relative to oil [fat] signal intensity) and good T2-weighted contrast (relative to water signal intensity) at both room temperature (relaxivity ratio &gt; 1; r2\/r1 = 1.43) and body temperature (relaxivity ratio &gt; 1; r2\/r1 = 1.38). These measurements were verified by the positive visualization of the C4:S (C4\/saline 50:50) HDPE tube HDR brachytherapy line marker on both T1- and T2-weighted MRI sequences. Orientation did not affect the relaxivity of the C4:S contrast solution. C4:S encapsulated in HDPE tubing can be visualized as a positive line marker on both T1- and T2-weighted MRI sequences. MRI-guided HDR planning may be possible with these novel line markers for HDR MARS for several types of cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16101922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T03:36:42Z","timestamp":1716176202000},"page":"1922","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Novel Positive-Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging Line Marker for High-Dose-Rate (HDR) MRI-Assisted Radiosurgery (MARS)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresa L.","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. Jason","family":"Stafford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tharakeswara K.","family":"Bathala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5342-4128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremiah W.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew S.","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2827-8891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingfei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2081-0735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann H.","family":"Klopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aradhana","family":"Venkatesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jihong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2493-0918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen S.","family":"Martirosyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78500, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watanabe, Y., Muraishi, H., Takei, H., Hara, H., Terazaki, T., Shuto, N., Shimo, T., Nozawa, M., Ishiyama, H., and Hayakawa, K. 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