{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T22:06:51Z","timestamp":1791410811179,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish Minister of Education and Science","award":["DNK\/SP\/548321\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DNK\/SP\/548321\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized contemporary oncology, presenting efficacy in various solid tumors and lymphomas. However, ICIs may potentially overstimulate the immune system, leading to immune-related adverse events (irAEs). IrAEs may affect multiple organs, such as the colon, stomach, small intestine, kidneys, skin, lungs, joints, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow, brain, heart, and endocrine glands (e.g., pancreas, thyroid, or adrenal glands), exhibiting autoimmune inflammation. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography\/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET\/CT) is commonly used in oncology for staging and assessment of therapy responses, but it may also serve as a tool for detecting irAEs. This review aims to present various patterns of metabolic activation associated with irAEs due to ICI treatment, identifiable through 18F-FDG PET\/CT. It describes the advantages of early detection of irAEs, but also presents the challenges in differentiating them from tumor progression. It also delves into aspects of molecular response assessment within the context of pseudoprogression and hyperprogression, along with typical imaging findings related to these phenomena. Lastly, it summarizes the role of functional PET imaging in oncological immunotherapy, speculating on its future significance and limitations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16111990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T03:46:56Z","timestamp":1716522416000},"page":"1990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Is 18F-FDG-PET\/CT an Optimal Imaging Modality for Detecting Immune-Related Adverse Events after Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy? Pros and Cons"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3325-6333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Karlsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Scientific Circle Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-952 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9425-0639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Akily","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Scientific Circle Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-952 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9873-8711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Mierzejewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-952 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Teodorczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-952 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0612-4413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Bandura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-952 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Zaucha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-952 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Cytawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-952 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2014.10.009","article-title":"Human Cancer Immunotherapy with Antibodies to the PD-1 and PD-L1 Pathway","volume":"21","author":"Ohaegbulam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Mol. 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