{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:07:56Z","timestamp":1760144876122,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"US NIH","award":["R01 AA024464","P01 DK098108","P50 AA0119991","U01 DK108314","W81XWH1910888","GNT1174971","49358025","2021009","21.R7.INV.CB.UOSA.6.2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AA024464","P01 DK098108","P50 AA0119991","U01 DK108314","W81XWH1910888","GNT1174971","49358025","2021009","21.R7.INV.CB.UOSA.6.2"]}]},{"name":"US DoD","award":["R01 AA024464","P01 DK098108","P50 AA0119991","U01 DK108314","W81XWH1910888","GNT1174971","49358025","2021009","21.R7.INV.CB.UOSA.6.2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AA024464","P01 DK098108","P50 AA0119991","U01 DK108314","W81XWH1910888","GNT1174971","49358025","2021009","21.R7.INV.CB.UOSA.6.2"]}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Investigator","award":["R01 AA024464","P01 DK098108","P50 AA0119991","U01 DK108314","W81XWH1910888","GNT1174971","49358025","2021009","21.R7.INV.CB.UOSA.6.2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AA024464","P01 DK098108","P50 AA0119991","U01 DK108314","W81XWH1910888","GNT1174971","49358025","2021009","21.R7.INV.CB.UOSA.6.2"]}]},{"name":"a Matthew Flinders Professorial Fellowship from Flinders University, South Australia","award":["R01 AA024464","P01 DK098108","P50 AA0119991","U01 DK108314","W81XWH1910888","GNT1174971","49358025","2021009","21.R7.INV.CB.UOSA.6.2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AA024464","P01 DK098108","P50 AA0119991","U01 DK108314","W81XWH1910888","GNT1174971","49358025","2021009","21.R7.INV.CB.UOSA.6.2"]}]},{"name":"Beat Cancer Project funded by Cancer Council SA and SA Health","award":["R01 AA024464","P01 DK098108","P50 AA0119991","U01 DK108314","W81XWH1910888","GNT1174971","49358025","2021009","21.R7.INV.CB.UOSA.6.2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AA024464","P01 DK098108","P50 AA0119991","U01 DK108314","W81XWH1910888","GNT1174971","49358025","2021009","21.R7.INV.CB.UOSA.6.2"]}]},{"name":"Flinders Foundation Grant","award":["R01 AA024464","P01 DK098108","P50 AA0119991","U01 DK108314","W81XWH1910888","GNT1174971","49358025","2021009","21.R7.INV.CB.UOSA.6.2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AA024464","P01 DK098108","P50 AA0119991","U01 DK108314","W81XWH1910888","GNT1174971","49358025","2021009","21.R7.INV.CB.UOSA.6.2"]}]},{"name":"NHMRC Ideas Grant","award":["R01 AA024464","P01 DK098108","P50 AA0119991","U01 DK108314","W81XWH1910888","GNT1174971","49358025","2021009","21.R7.INV.CB.UOSA.6.2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AA024464","P01 DK098108","P50 AA0119991","U01 DK108314","W81XWH1910888","GNT1174971","49358025","2021009","21.R7.INV.CB.UOSA.6.2"]}]},{"name":"CUREator scheme via Brandon BioCatalyst","award":["R01 AA024464","P01 DK098108","P50 AA0119991","U01 DK108314","W81XWH1910888","GNT1174971","49358025","2021009","21.R7.INV.CB.UOSA.6.2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AA024464","P01 DK098108","P50 AA0119991","U01 DK108314","W81XWH1910888","GNT1174971","49358025","2021009","21.R7.INV.CB.UOSA.6.2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background &amp; Aims: Reports of a rise in childhood cancer incidence in Australia and globally prompted the investigation of cancer incidence and survival in South Australia (SA) and the Northern Territory (NT) over a 28-year period, with emphasis on Indigenous peoples. Methods: This cross-sectional analysis of two prospective longitudinal databases, the SA and NT Cancer Registries (1990\u20132017), included all reported cases of childhood cancers. Poisson regression provided estimates of incidence rate ratios and survival was modelled using Cox proportional hazard models for children aged &lt;5 and \u22655 years. Results: A total of 895 patients across SA (N = 753) and the NT (N = 142) were ascertained. Overall and in the NT, childhood cancer incidence was higher in males compared with females (IRR 1.19 [1.04\u20131.35] and 1.43 [1.02\u20132.01], respectively). Lymphocytic leukemia was the most reported cancer type across all locations. With reference to the 1990\u20131999 era (181.67\/100,000), cancer incidence remained unchanged across subsequent eras in the combined cohort (SA and NT) (2000\u20132009: 190.55\/100,000; 1.06 [0.91\u20131.25]; 2010\u20132017: 210.00\/100,000; 1.15 [0.98\u20131.35]); similar outcomes were reflected in SA and NT cohorts. Cancer incidence amongst non-Indigenous children significantly decreased from the 1990\u20131999 era (278.32\/100,000) to the 2000\u20132009 era (162.92\/100,000; 0.58 [0.35\u20130.97]). Amongst 39 Indigenous children in the NT, incidence rates remained unchanged across eras (p &gt; 0.05). With reference to the 1990\u20131999 era, overall survival improved in subsequent eras in SA (2000\u20132009: HR 0.53 [0.38\u20130.73]; 2010\u20132017: 0.44 [0.28\u20130.68]); however, remained unchanged in the NT (2000\u20132009: 0.78 [0.40\u20131.51]; 2010\u20132017: 0.50 [0.24\u20131.05]). In the NT, overall survival of Indigenous patients was significantly lower compared with the non-Indigenous cohort (3.42 [1.92\u20136.10]). While the survival of Indigenous children with cancer significantly improved in the last two eras (p &lt; 0.05), compared to the 1990\u20131999 era, no change was noted amongst non-Indigenous children in the NT (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: The incidence of childhood cancers has remained unchanged over 28-years in SA and the NT. Encouragingly, improved survival rates over time were observed in SA and amongst Indigenous children of the NT. Nevertheless, survival rates in Indigenous children remain lower than non-Indigenous children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16112057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T06:58:07Z","timestamp":1716965887000},"page":"2057","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Childhood Cancer Incidence and Survival in South Australia and the Northern Territory, 1990\u20132017, with Emphasis on Indigenous Peoples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7308-8371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzanne","family":"Mashtoub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia"},{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahid","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Collinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT 0810, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gurmeet R.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0800, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justine","family":"Clark (Adnyamathanha)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indigenous Genomics, Telethon Kids Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4616-8426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shalem","family":"Leemaqz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ora","family":"Paltiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Braun School of Public Health, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6442-4409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David M.","family":"Roder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology and Population Health, UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1598-5343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Saxon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Haematology\/Oncology, Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"Paediatric Education, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3725-793X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ross","family":"McKinnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia"},{"name":"Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0818-6017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Pandol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9250-2192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire T.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia"},{"name":"Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4999-5657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Savio George","family":"Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia"},{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia"},{"name":"Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3212","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-020-05642-8","article-title":"We Asked the Experts: Providing the Road Map to Uncovering the Pathophysiology of Young-Onset Cancer to Guide Treatment and Preventive Strategies","volume":"44","author":"Barreto","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. 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