{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:23:47Z","timestamp":1790796227608,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this review, we aim to provide a summary of the diverse immunophenotypic presentations of distinct entities associated with plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) proliferation. These entities include the following: (1) blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN); (2) mature pDC proliferation (MPDCP), most commonly seen in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML); and (3) myeloid neoplasms with pDC differentiation, in which pDCs show a spectrum of maturation from early immature pDCs to mature forms, most commonly seen in acute myeloid leukemia (pDC-AML). Our aim is to provide a flow cytometry diagnostic approach to these distinct and sometimes challenging entities and to clarify the immunophenotypic spectrum of neoplastic pDCs in different disease presentations. In this review, we also cover the strategies in the evaluation of residual disease, as well as the challenges and pitfalls we face in the setting of immune and targeted therapy. The differential diagnosis will also be discussed, as blasts in some AML cases can have a pDC-like immunophenotype, mimicking pDCs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16112118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T03:51:45Z","timestamp":1717386705000},"page":"2118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Flow Cytometry Profiling of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1338-7107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siba","family":"El Hussein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, 111 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05401, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematopathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-019-0447-3","article-title":"Biology and prognostic impact of clonal plasmacytoid dendritic cells in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia","volume":"33","author":"Lucas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2020.247569","article-title":"Immunophenotypic characterization of reactive and neoplastic plasmacytoid dendritic cells permits establishment of a 10-color flow cytometric panel for initial workup and residual disease evaluation of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm","volume":"106","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2018.203018","article-title":"Loss of plasmacytoid dendritic cell differentiation is highly predictive for post-induction measurable residual disease and inferior outcomes in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"104","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.12.027","article-title":"Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells: Development, Regulation, and Function","volume":"50","author":"Reizis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7007","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2023011308","article-title":"Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm: A CIBMTR analysis","volume":"7","author":"Murthy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12888","article-title":"Human dendritic cell subsets: An update","volume":"154","author":"Collin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2009.02170.x","article-title":"Immunophenotypical, morphologic, and functional characterization of maturation-associated plasmacytoid dendritic cell subsets in normal adult human bone marrow","volume":"49","author":"Almeida","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.18632","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the setting of myeloid neoplasms: Diagnostic guide to challenging pathologic presentations","volume":"200","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. 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