{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T17:00:55Z","timestamp":1782925255571,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tumors that spontaneously shrink from unknown causes in tumor regression, and that return to normal cells in tumor reversion, are phenomena with the potential to contribute new knowledge and novel therapies for cancer patient survival. Tumorigenesis is associated with dysregulated phosphate metabolism and an increased transport of phosphate into tumor cells, potentially mediated by phosphate overload from excessive dietary phosphate intake, a significant problem in Western societies. This paper proposes that reduced dietary phosphate overload and reregulated phosphate metabolism may reverse an imbalance of kinases and phosphatases in cell signaling and cellular proliferation, thereby activating autophagy in tumor regression and reversion. Dietary phosphate can also be reduced by sickness-associated anorexia, fasting-mimicking diets, and other diets low in phosphate, all of which have been associated with tumor regression. Tumor reversion has also been demonstrated by transplanting cancer cells into a healthy microenvironment, plausibly associated with normal cellular phosphate concentrations. Evidence also suggests that the sequestration and containment of excessive phosphate within encapsulated tumors is protective in cancer patients, preventing the release of potentially lethal amounts of phosphate into the general circulation. Reducing dietary phosphate overload has the potential to provide a novel, safe, and effective reversion therapy for cancer patients, and further research is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16112126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T03:51:45Z","timestamp":1717386705000},"page":"2126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Spontaneous Tumor Regression and Reversion: Insights and Associations with Reduced Dietary Phosphate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9473-2274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald B.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2024.8707","article-title":"The phenotypic reversion of cancer: Experimental evidences on cancer reversibility through epigenetic mechanisms (Review)","volume":"51","author":"Pensotti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pensotti, A., Bertolaso, M., and Bizzarri, M. (2023). Is Cancer Reversible? Rethinking Carcinogenesis Models-A New Epistemological Tool. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13050733"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Alessandris, N., Santoro, A., Arciuolo, D., Angelico, G., Valente, M., Scaglione, G., Sfregola, S., Carlino, A., Navarra, E., and Mul\u00e8, A. (2023). What Can Trigger Spontaneous Regression of Breast Cancer?. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13071224"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2021.101166","article-title":"The spontaneous remission of cancer: Current insights and therapeutic significance","volume":"14","author":"Radha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"rjad651","DOI":"10.1093\/jscr\/rjad651","article-title":"The phenomenon of spontaneous tumor regression in breast cancer","volume":"2023","author":"Qureshi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-00969-3","article-title":"Critical transition and reversion of tumorigenesis","volume":"55","author":"Shin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207322","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202207322","article-title":"Normalizing Input\u2013Output Relationships of Cancer Networks for Reversion Therapy","volume":"10","author":"Joo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.41324","article-title":"Evidence for immortality and autonomy in animal cancer models is often not provided, which causes confusion on key issues of cancer biology","volume":"11","author":"Dou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-195609000-00007","article-title":"Spontaneous regression of cancer: Preliminary report","volume":"144","author":"Cole","year":"1956","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2744(200012)29:4<205::AID-MC1002>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Somatic mutation theory of carcinogenesis: Why it should be dropped and replaced","volume":"29","author":"Sonnenschein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Carcinog."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"4715426","article-title":"Lessons from Hippocrates: Time to Change the Cancer Paradigm","volume":"2020","author":"Galmarini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-024-00720-6","article-title":"Why are so many young people getting cancer? What the data say","volume":"627","author":"Ledford","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"WCRF\/AICR (2018). Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Cancer: A Global Perspective, World Cancer Research Fund\/American Institute for Cancer Research."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"95","article-title":"Importance of Nutrients and Nutrient Metabolism on Human Health","volume":"91","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuy023","article-title":"Impact of nutrient overload on metabolic homeostasis","volume":"76","author":"Qiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gyamfi, J., Kim, J., and Choi, J. (2022). Cancer as a Metabolic Disorder. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031155"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfad188","article-title":"The basics of phosphate metabolism","volume":"39","author":"Wagner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1057\/ejis.2011.51","article-title":"Using grounded theory as a method for rigorously reviewing literature","volume":"22","author":"Wolfswinkel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"American College of Surgeons (2024, March 10). Warren H. Cole, MD, FACS, 1899\u20131990. Available online: https:\/\/www.facs.org\/about-acs\/archives\/past-highlights\/colehighlight\/."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1974.tb14441.x","article-title":"Spontaneous regression of cancer: The metabolic triumph of the host?","volume":"230","author":"Cole","year":"1974","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"571","article-title":"Spontaneous regression of cancer: Possible mechanisms","volume":"12","author":"Papac","year":"1998","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"e32970","article-title":"The Spontaneous Regression of Primary Gastrointestinal Malignancies: An Observational Review","volume":"14","author":"Minacapelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Zhang, J., Kalantar-Zadeh, K., and Chen, J. (2023). Focusing on Phosphorus Loads: From Healthy People to Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051236"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lacerda-Abreu, M.A., and Meyer-Fernandes, J.R. (2021). Extracellular Inorganic Phosphate-Induced Release of Reactive Oxygen Species: Roles in Physiological Processes and Disease Development. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22157768"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Razzaque, M.S. (2022). Phosphate Metabolism: From Physiology to Toxicity, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-91623-7"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, M., Wang, Q., Liu, B., Ma, Q., Zhang, T., Huang, T., Lv, Z., and Wang, R. (2022). Chronic Kidney Disease and Cancer: Inter-Relationships and Mechanisms. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.868715"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1418","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00633.2013","article-title":"Phosphate overload directly induces systemic inflammation and malnutrition as well as vascular calcification in uremia","volume":"306","author":"Yamada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Faul, C., Guti\u00e9rrez, O.M., and White, K.E. (2021). Fibroblast Growth Factor 23, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Julson, E. (2024, March 15). Top 12 Foods That Are High in Phosphorus. Available online: https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/nutrition\/foods-high-in-phosphorus."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Office of Dietary Supplements\/National Institutes of Health (2024, March 15). Phosphorus\u2014Fact Sheet for Health Professionals, Available online: https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/Phosphorus-HealthProfessional\/."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmaa082","article-title":"Vegetable and Fruit Consumption and Prognosis Among Cancer Survivors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.je.2016.12.004","article-title":"Characteristics and prognosis of Japanese colorectal cancer patients: The BioBank Japan Project","volume":"27","author":"Tamakoshi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-022-00409-0","article-title":"Plant-Based Diets and Cancer Risk: What is the Evidence?","volume":"11","author":"DeClercq","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"5","article-title":"Spontaneous regression of cancer and the importance of finding its cause","volume":"44","author":"Cole","year":"1976","journal-title":"Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.2930170302","article-title":"Efforts to explain spontaneous regression of cancer","volume":"17","author":"Cole","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-019-0817-3","article-title":"Delivery strategies of cancer immunotherapy: Recent advances and future perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.01290","article-title":"Mechanisms of Cancer Resistance to Immunotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868695","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.868695","article-title":"The Evasion Mechanisms of Cancer Immunity and Drug Intervention in the Tumor Microenvironment","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-010-9718-z","article-title":"Dietary intake of micronutrients and the risk of developing bladder cancer: Results from the Belgian case-control study on bladder cancer risk","volume":"22","author":"Brinkman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, H., Tse, R.T., Cheng, C.K., Wong, C.Y., Kong, A.W., Chan, R.C., Chiu, P.K., Ng, C.F., and Teoh, J.Y. (2022). In vitro cytotoxicity of human urine and its potential toxic parameters towards bladder cancer cells. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0276127"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfac011","article-title":"The \u2018other\u2019 big complication: How chronic kidney disease impacts on cancer risks and outcomes","volume":"38","author":"Lees","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004371","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-004371","article-title":"Spontaneous tumor regression following COVID-19 vaccination","volume":"10","author":"Sousa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"8071539","article-title":"Sickness-Associated Anorexia: Mother Nature\u2019s Idea of Immunonutrition?","volume":"2016","author":"Isaacs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebrahimi, M., Habernig, L., Broeskamp, F., Aufschnaiter, A., Diessl, J., Atienza, I., Matz, S., Ruiz, F.A., and B\u00fcttner, S. (2021). Phosphate Restriction Promotes Longevity via Activation of Autophagy and the Multivesicular Body Pathway. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113161"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2014.970545","article-title":"Spontaneous remission of acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"56","author":"Rashidi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1uela, R., Hernandez, I., Fernandes-Pineda, M., Cortina, L., Zapata, D., Urrego, O., Herrera, J., Saenz, I., Orduz, R., and Mejia, F. (2023). Spontaneous remission without treatment of acute myelomonocytic leukemia associated with COVID-19 infection. Hematol. Transfus. Cell Ther.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.htct.2023.11.004"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-018-0061-0","article-title":"Fasting and cancer: Molecular mechanisms and clinical application","volume":"18","author":"Nencioni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604929","article-title":"Why are tumour blood vessels abnormal and why is it important to know?","volume":"100","author":"Nagy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2502-7","article-title":"Fasting-mimicking diet and hormone therapy induce breast cancer regression","volume":"583","author":"Caffa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-0030","article-title":"Fasting-Mimicking Diet Is Safe and Reshapes Metabolism and Antitumor Immunity in Patients with Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Vernieri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2022.05.046","article-title":"Exceptional tumour responses to fasting-mimicking diet combined with standard anticancer therapies: A sub-analysis of the NCT03340935 trial","volume":"172","author":"Ligorio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.05.012","article-title":"A Periodic Diet that Mimics Fasting Promotes Multi-System Regeneration, Enhanced Cognitive Performance, and Healthspan","volume":"22","author":"Brandhorst","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2024, March 18). Appetite Loss and Cancer Treatment, Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/treatment\/side-effects\/appetite-loss."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2024, May 29). Autophagy, Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/publications\/dictionaries\/cancer-terms\/def\/autophagy."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2019.05.006","article-title":"Gluconeogenesis in cancer cells\u2014Repurposing of a starvation-induced metabolic pathway?","volume":"1872","author":"Grasmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-14-0363","article-title":"Autophagy is required for glucose homeostasis and lung tumor maintenance","volume":"4","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-020-1138-4","article-title":"Autophagy and autophagy-related proteins in cancer","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathmechdis.2.010506.091842","article-title":"Autophagy: Basic principles and relevance to disease","volume":"3","author":"Kundu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"e115-117","article-title":"Autolysis: A plausible finding suggestive of long ESD procedure time","volume":"22","author":"Hyun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surg. Laparosc. Endosc. Percutan Tech."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.283416.116","article-title":"Autophagy provides metabolic substrates to maintain energy charge and nucleotide pools in Ras-driven lung cancer cells","volume":"30","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1599207","article-title":"Autophagy: Process and function","volume":"21","author":"Mizushima","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2008.09.008","article-title":"Lysosomal involvement in cell death and cancer","volume":"1793","author":"Kirkegaard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4613","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.27838","article-title":"Inorganic polyphosphate as an energy source in tumorigenesis","volume":"11","author":"Boyineni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b04553","article-title":"Phosphatase-Mediated Hydrolysis of Linear Polyphosphates","volume":"52","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(195905\/06)12:3<573::AID-CNCR2820120316>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Testicular teratomas. I. Demonstration of teratogenesis by metamorphosis of multipotential cells","volume":"12","author":"Pierce","year":"1959","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3585","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.72.9.3585","article-title":"Normal genetically mosaic mice produced from malignant teratocarcinoma cells","volume":"72","author":"Mintz","year":"1975","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Schmeck, H.M. (The New York Times, 1979). Cancer Cells in Experiment Give Rise to Normal Tissue, The New York Times."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2108","article-title":"Reprogramming metastatic tumour cells with embryonic microenvironments","volume":"7","author":"Hendrix","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"e20997","article-title":"High phosphate actively induces cytotoxicity by rewiring pro-survival and pro-apoptotic signaling networks in HEK293 and HeLa cells","volume":"35","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013","article-title":"Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation","volume":"144","author":"Hanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-018-1088-y","article-title":"Nutritional epidemiology and cancer: A Tale of Two Cities","volume":"29","author":"Giovannucci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.11.011","article-title":"Targeting extracellular nutrient dependencies of cancer cells","volume":"33","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnst, J.L., and Beck, G.R. (2021). Modulating phosphate consumption, a novel therapeutic approach for the control of cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. Biochem. Pharmacol., 183.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.114305"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/10409238.2019.1611733","article-title":"Determinants of nutrient limitation in cancer","volume":"54","author":"Sullivan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.afnr.2021.02.001","article-title":"Chapter Two\u2014The emerging role of phosphorus in human health","volume":"Volume 96","author":"Eskin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Advances in Food and Nutrition Research"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"249","article-title":"Nutrient Toxicity","volume":"39","author":"Campbell","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071816-064607","article-title":"Dietary Phosphorus Intake and the Kidney","volume":"37","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, R.B., Bigelow, P., Dubin, J.A., and Mielke, J.G. (2023). High Dietary Phosphorus Is Associated with Increased Breast Cancer Risk in a U.S. Cohort of Middle-Aged Women. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15173735"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1080\/01635580903532432","article-title":"Low dietary inorganic phosphate stimulates lung tumorigenesis through altering protein translation and cell cycle in K-ras(LA1) mice","volume":"62","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/123.11.1939","article-title":"AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: Final report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet","volume":"123","author":"Reeves","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.6.1055","article-title":"Cows\u2019 Milk Fat Components as Potential Anticarcinogenic Agents1","volume":"127","author":"Parodi","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2014.168","article-title":"Mechanisms of neuroblastoma regression","volume":"11","author":"Brodeur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-017-2761-2","article-title":"Spontaneous regression of neuroblastoma","volume":"372","author":"Brodeur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pietrzak-Fie\u0107ko, R., and Kamelska-Sadowska, A.M. (2020). The Comparison of Nutritional Value of Human Milk with Other Mammals\u2019 Milk. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051404"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iv66","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdu326.28","article-title":"194P prevalence and prognostic significance of sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 2B (NAPI2B) protein expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)","volume":"25","author":"Brustugun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2019.04.015","article-title":"H(+)-dependent inorganic phosphate transporter in breast cancer cells: Possible functions in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"1865","author":"Nascimento","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41233","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41233","article-title":"Interstitial inorganic phosphate as a tumor microenvironment marker for tumor progression","volume":"7","author":"Bobko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)49915-0","article-title":"The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast","volume":"133","author":"Paget","year":"1889","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eubank, T.D., Bobko, A.A., Hoblitzell, E.H., Gencheva, M., Driesschaert, B., and Khramtsov, V.V. (2023). In Vivo Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Molecular Profiling of Tumor Microenvironment upon Tumor Progression to Malignancy in an Animal Model of Breast Cancer. Mol. Imaging Biol.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-023-01847-0"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2020.109157","article-title":"Analysis of phosphorous content in cancer tissue by synchrotron micro-XRF","volume":"179","author":"Falchini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2017.3036","article-title":"The crucial role of protein phosphorylation in cell signaling and its use as targeted therapy (Review)","volume":"40","author":"Ardito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turdo, A., D\u2019Accardo, C., Glaviano, A., Porcelli, G., Colarossi, C., Colarossi, L., Mare, M., Faldetta, N., Modica, C., and Pistone, G. (2021). Targeting Phosphatases and Kinases: How to Checkmate Cancer. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.690306"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4139","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.14617","article-title":"Targeted therapies don\u2019t work for a reason; the neglected tumor suppressor phosphatase PP2A strikes back","volume":"285","author":"Westermarck","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200802-306OC","article-title":"High dietary inorganic phosphate increases lung tumorigenesis and alters Akt signaling","volume":"179","author":"Jin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1159\/000493379","article-title":"A Role of Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase 3 (Akp3) in Inorganic Phosphate Homeostasis","volume":"43","author":"Sasaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4504","article-title":"Breast cancer, alcohol, and phosphate toxicity","volume":"44","author":"Brown","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50635","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202050635","article-title":"Nutrient metabolism and cancer in the in vivo context: A metabolic game of give and take","volume":"21","author":"Cuadros","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)06184-3","article-title":"A new biological framework for cancer research","volume":"348","author":"Schipper","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01753680","article-title":"The encapsulation of tumours","volume":"7","author":"Barr","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Metastasis"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/PAP.0b013e31820cb39e","article-title":"Diagnostic approach and prognostic factors of cancers","volume":"18","author":"Jang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Anat. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19920701)70:1<45::AID-CNCR2820700108>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Tumor encapsulation in hepatocellular carcinoma. A pathologic study of 189 cases","volume":"70","author":"Ng","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19950101)75:1<18::AID-CNCR2820750105>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Better survival in female patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Possible causes from a pathologic approach","volume":"75","author":"Ng","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.23597","article-title":"Complete tumor encapsulation on magnetic resonance imaging: A potentially useful imaging biomarker for better survival in solitary large hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"19","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NAJ.0000920996.75505.c2","article-title":"CE: Tumor Lysis Syndrome: An Oncologic Emergency","volume":"123","author":"Davis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.06.005","article-title":"Case Report: Spontaneous Tumor Lysis Syndrome in Untreated Ovarian Cancer","volume":"136","author":"Weber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, R.B. (2022). Cancer Cachexia and Dysregulated Phosphate Metabolism: Insights from Mutant p53 and Mutant Klotho Mouse Models. Metabolites, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12121284"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-019-00689-w","article-title":"Phosphate binders in chronic kidney disease: An updated narrative review of recent data","volume":"33","author":"Floege","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"(2006). Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements, The National Academies Press."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/16\/11\/2126\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:52:49Z","timestamp":1760107969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/16\/11\/2126"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers16112126"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers16112126","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]}}}