{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T11:56:23Z","timestamp":1792842983608,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Camden Research Initiative fund"},{"name":"New Jersey Health Foundation"},{"name":"Cooper Medical School of Rowan University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>MM is a common type of cancer that unfortunately leads to a significant number of deaths each year. The majority of the reported MM cases are detected in the advanced stages, posing significant challenges for treatment. Additionally, all MM patients eventually develop resistance or experience relapse; therefore, advances in treatment are needed. However, developing new anti-cancer drugs, especially for MM, requires significant financial investment and a lengthy development process. The study of drug repurposing involves exploring the potential of existing drugs for new therapeutic uses. This can significantly reduce both time and costs, which are typically a major concern for MM patients. The utilization of pre-existing non-cancer drugs for various myeloma treatments presents a highly efficient and cost-effective strategy, considering their prior preclinical and clinical development. The drugs have shown promising potential in targeting key pathways associated with MM progression and resistance. Thalidomide exemplifies the success that can be achieved through this strategy. This review delves into the current trends, the challenges faced by conventional therapies for MM, and the importance of repurposing drugs for MM. This review highlights a noncomprehensive list of conventional therapies that have potentially significant anti-myeloma properties and anti-neoplastic effects. Additionally, we offer valuable insights into the resources that can help streamline and accelerate drug repurposing efforts in the field of MM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16132381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T08:31:36Z","timestamp":1719563496000},"page":"2381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Discovering Potential in Non-Cancer Medications: A Promising Breakthrough for Multiple Myeloma Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Omar S.","family":"Al-Odat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6498-9119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tulin","family":"Budak-Alpdogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Cooper Health University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5234-1235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Subash C.","family":"Jonnalagadda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9367-8600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dhimant","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Neuroscience Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2767-2929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manoj K.","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.216793","article-title":"Disparities in mortality risk after diagnosis of hematological malignancies in 185 countries: A global data analysis","volume":"595","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1468","article-title":"Drug repositioning: Identifying and developing new uses for existing drugs","volume":"3","author":"Ashburn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3681","article-title":"Diagnosing the decline in pharmaceutical R&D efficiency","volume":"11","author":"Scannell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3405","article-title":"The productivity crisis in pharmaceutical R&D","volume":"10","author":"Pammolli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4609","article-title":"An analysis of the attrition of drug candidates from four major pharmaceutical companies","volume":"14","author":"Waring","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Beachy, S.H., Johnson, S.G., Olson, S., and Berger, A.C. (2014). Drug Repurposing and Repositioning: Workshop Summary, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2016.01.012","article-title":"Innovation in the pharmaceutical industry: New estimates of R&D costs","volume":"47","author":"DiMasi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Health Econ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3078","article-title":"How to improve R&D productivity: The pharmaceutical industry\u2019s grand challenge","volume":"9","author":"Paul","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14081","article-title":"Inventing new therapies without reinventing the wheel: The power of drug repurposing","volume":"175","author":"Papapetropoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hernandez, J.J., Pryszlak, M., Smith, L., Yanchus, C., Kurji, N., Shahani, V.M., and Molinski, S.V. (2017). Giving drugs a second chance: Overcoming regulatory and financial hurdles in repurposing approved drugs as cancer therapeutics. Front. Oncol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2017.00273"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1038\/534314a","article-title":"Can you teach old drugs new tricks?","volume":"534","author":"Nosengo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-016-1031-5","article-title":"Repurposing of approved cardiovascular drugs","volume":"14","author":"Ishida","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3476","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10744-6","article-title":"A genome-wide positioning systems network algorithm for in silico drug repurposing","volume":"10","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudrapal, M., Khairnar, S.J., and Jadhav, A.G. (2020). Drug repurposing (DR): An emerging approach in drug discovery. Drug Repurposing-Hypothesis, Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications, IntechOpe.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.93193"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-020-00359-2","article-title":"Multiple myeloma current treatment algorithms","volume":"10","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2018.03.007","article-title":"Various signaling pathways in multiple myeloma cells and effects of treatment on these pathways","volume":"18","author":"Dehghanifard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Odat, O.S., von Suskil, M., Chitren, R.J., Elbezanti, W.O., Srivastava, S.K., Budak-Alpddogan, T., Jonnalagadda, S.C., Aggarwal, B.B., and Pandey, M. (2021). Mcl-1 inhibition: Managing malignancy in multiple myeloma. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.699629"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2013.1","article-title":"Computational drug repositioning: From data to therapeutics","volume":"93","author":"Hurle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08506","article-title":"Predicting new molecular targets for known drugs","volume":"462","author":"Keiser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2006.09.005","article-title":"Gene expression signature-based chemical genomic prediction identifies a novel class of HSP90 pathway modulators","volume":"10","author":"Hieronymus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05116-5","article-title":"Network-based approach to prediction and population-based validation of in silico drug repurposing","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nam, Y., Kim, M., Chang, H.S., and Shin, H. (2019). Drug repurposing with network reinforcement. BMC Bioinform., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-019-2858-6"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2040","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2015.393","article-title":"Prediction of disease\u2013gene\u2013drug relationships following a differential network analysis","volume":"7","author":"Zickenrott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, G., and Agarwal, P. (2009). Human disease-drug network based on genomic expression profiles. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006536"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty133","article-title":"A novel computational approach for drug repurposing using systems biology","volume":"34","author":"Peyvandipour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Therapeutic drug repurposing, repositioning and rescue","volume":"57","author":"Naylor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D816","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1158","article-title":"The BioGRID interaction database: 2013 update","volume":"41","author":"Breitkreutz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D447","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1003","article-title":"STRING v10: Protein\u2013protein interaction networks, integrated over the tree of life","volume":"43","author":"Szklarczyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J.Y., Pandey, R., and Nguyen, T.M. (2017). HAPPI-2: A comprehensive and high-quality map of human annotated and predicted protein interactions. BMC Genom., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-017-3512-1"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D353","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw1092","article-title":"KEGG: New perspectives on genomes, pathways, diseases and drugs","volume":"45","author":"Kanehisa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D691","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq1018","article-title":"Reactome: A database of reactions, pathways and biological processes","volume":"39","author":"Croft","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"111","article-title":"A Practical Guide to the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Statistical Genomics","volume":"1418","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods Protoc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260419","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260419","article-title":"Tissue-based map of the human proteome","volume":"347","author":"Fagerberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1210-1248","article-title":"Towards a knowledge-based human protein atlas","volume":"28","author":"Uhlen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M500279-MCP200","article-title":"A human protein atlas for normal and cancer tissues based on antibody proteomics","volume":"4","author":"Agaton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11003","article-title":"The Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia enables predictive modelling of anticancer drug sensitivity","volume":"483","author":"Barretina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1132939","article-title":"The Connectivity Map: Using gene-expression signatures to connect small molecules, genes, and disease","volume":"313","author":"Lamb","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2044","article-title":"The Connectivity Map: A new tool for biomedical research","volume":"7","author":"Lamb","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1.2.1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471250953.bi0102s27","article-title":"Searching Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) for information on genetic loci involved in human disease","volume":"27","author":"Borate","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8685","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0701361104","article-title":"The human disease network","volume":"104","author":"Goh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J., Wu, S.-J., Yang, S.-Y., Peng, J.-W., Wang, S.-N., Wang, F.-Y., Song, Y.-X., Qi, T., Li, Y.-X., and Li, Y.-Y. (2016). DNetDB: The human disease network database based on dysfunctional regulation mechanism. BMC Syst. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12918-016-0280-5"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1091","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1068","article-title":"DrugBank 4.0: Shedding new light on drug metabolism","volume":"42","author":"Law","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2015.01.013","article-title":"Evaluation of usage patterns and user perception of the drug\u2013drug interaction database SFINX","volume":"84","author":"Andersson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Inform."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.03.005","article-title":"Old drugs, new uses: Drug repurposing in hematological malignancies","volume":"68","author":"Kale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1075","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1075","article-title":"The SIDER database of drugs and side effects","volume":"44","author":"Kuhn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1080","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1192","article-title":"WITHDRAWN\u2014A resource for withdrawn and discontinued drugs","volume":"44","author":"Siramshetty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D876","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr1011","article-title":"STITCH 3: Zooming in on protein\u2013chemical interactions","volume":"40","author":"Kuhn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbw136","article-title":"Systematic analyses of drugs and disease indications in RepurposeDB reveal pharmacological, biological and epidemiological factors influencing drug repositioning","volume":"19","author":"Shameer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brief. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11005","article-title":"Systematic identification of genomic markers of drug sensitivity in cancer cells","volume":"483","author":"Garnett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, B.K.B., Tiong, K.H., Chang, J.K., Liew, C.S., Abdul Rahman, Z.A., Tan, A.C., Khang, T.F., and Cheong, S.C. (2017). DeSigN: Connecting gene expression with therapeutics for drug repurposing and development. BMC Genom., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-016-3260-7"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199911183412102","article-title":"Antitumor activity of thalidomide in refractory multiple myeloma","volume":"341","author":"Singhal","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.03.0221","article-title":"Phase III clinical trial of thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with dexamethasone alone in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: A clinical trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group","volume":"24","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2020.07.003","article-title":"Statins reduce mortality in multiple myeloma: A population-based US study","volume":"20","author":"Afzal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25778","article-title":"Statin use is associated with improved survival in multiple myeloma: A Swedish population-based study of 4315 patients","volume":"95","author":"Ekberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4008","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.68.3482","article-title":"Statins are associated with reduced mortality in multiple myeloma","volume":"34","author":"Sanfilippo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30745","article-title":"Statin use and risk of multiple myeloma: An analysis from the cancer research network","volume":"141","author":"Epstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.2174\/138161208785294654","article-title":"Targeting cyclooxygenase-2 in hematological malignancies: Rationale and promise","volume":"14","author":"Bernard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450119666180803121737","article-title":"Celecoxib in cancer therapy and prevention\u2014Review","volume":"20","author":"Nowaszewska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4330","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-07-2819","article-title":"Multitarget inhibition of drug-resistant multiple myeloma cell lines by dimethyl-celecoxib (DMC), a non\u2013COX-2 inhibitory analog of celecoxib","volume":"106","author":"Kardosh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3250","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-99-113025","article-title":"Aspirin Use and Survival in Multiple Myeloma Patients","volume":"132","author":"Marinac","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-13-0224","article-title":"Regular aspirin use and risk of multiple myeloma: A prospective analysis in the health professionals follow-up study and nurses\u2019 health study","volume":"7","author":"Birmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.12176","article-title":"Lymphoma and myeloma cells are highly sensitive to growth arrest and apoptosis induced by artesunate","volume":"91","author":"Holien","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4118","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.1847","article-title":"Artesunate overcomes drug resistance in multiple myeloma by inducing mitochondrial stress and non-caspase apoptosis","volume":"5","author":"Papanikolaou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-009-0409-z","article-title":"Effect of artesunate on inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis of SP2\/0 myeloma cells through affecting NF\u03baB p65","volume":"90","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"1819","article-title":"Effects of Artesunate Combined with Arsenious Acid on Proliferation and Apoptosis of Multiple Myeloma Cells via PI3K\/AKT Signaling Pathway","volume":"29","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-08-0664","article-title":"Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor A771726 (leflunomide) induces apoptosis and diminishes proliferation of multiple myeloma cells","volume":"8","author":"Baumann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2020.1742900","article-title":"Repurposing leflunomide for relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma: A phase 1 study","volume":"61","author":"Rosenzweig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3332\/ecancer.2015.568","article-title":"Repurposing Drugs in Oncology (ReDO)\u2014Clarithromycin as an anti-cancer agent","volume":"9","author":"Sukhatme","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecancermedicalscience"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2842","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2014.896005","article-title":"Thalidomide, clarithromycin, lenalidomide and dexamethasone therapy in newly diagnosed, symptomatic multiple myeloma","volume":"55","author":"Mark","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3138","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-05-1543","article-title":"Rapamycin sensitizes multiple myeloma cells to apoptosis induced by dexamethasone","volume":"103","author":"Dimberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2011.580478","article-title":"The mammalian target of rapamycin pathway as a therapeutic target in multiple myeloma","volume":"52","author":"Gera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4188","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-06-2281","article-title":"Combination of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin and CC-5013 has synergistic activity in multiple myeloma","volume":"104","author":"Raje","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.12909","article-title":"Outcomes in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma in a phase I study of everolimus in combination with lenalidomide","volume":"166","author":"Yee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"406","article-title":"Histone deacetylases are critical targets of bortezomib-induced cytotoxicity in multiple myeloma","volume":"116","author":"Kikuchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2011.049981","article-title":"The human immunodeficiency virus-1 protease inhibitor nelfinavir impairs proteasome activity and inhibits the proliferation of multiple myeloma cells in vitro and in vivo","volume":"97","author":"Bono","year":"2012","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e103","DOI":"10.1038\/bcj.2013.2","article-title":"Nelfinavir augments proteasome inhibition by bortezomib in myeloma cells and overcomes bortezomib and carfilzomib resistance","volume":"3","author":"Kraus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2024.01.002","article-title":"An Open-Label Phase I Study of Metformin and Nelfinavir in Combination with Bortezomib in Patients With Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"24","author":"Alodhaibi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.5827.2","article-title":"Nelfinavir and other protease inhibitors in cancer: Mechanisms involved in anticancer activity","volume":"4","author":"Koltai","year":"2015","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-1088","article-title":"Targeting the metabolic plasticity of multiple myeloma with FDA-approved ritonavir and metformin","volume":"21","author":"Bajpai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14441","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.628826","article-title":"In silico modeling-based identification of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4)-selective inhibitors for cancer therapy","volume":"290","author":"Mishra","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2015.157","article-title":"Pharmacologic screens reveal metformin that suppresses GRP78-dependent autophagy to enhance the anti-myeloma effect of bortezomib","volume":"29","author":"Jagannathan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansour, A., Wakkach, A., and Blin-Wakkach, C. (2017). Emerging roles of osteoclasts in the modulation of bone microenvironment and immune suppression in multiple myeloma. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00954"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tai, Y.-T., Cho, S.-F., and Anderson, K.C. (2018). Osteoclast immunosuppressive effects in multiple myeloma: Role of programmed cell death ligand 1. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01822"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-04651-w","article-title":"A drug repurposing strategy for overcoming human multiple myeloma resistance to standard-of-care treatment","volume":"13","author":"Chroma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2021.08.009","article-title":"Albendazole inhibits NF-\u03baB signaling pathway to overcome tumor stemness and bortezomib resistance in multiple myeloma","volume":"520","author":"Yi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2002.tb00184.x","article-title":"Thalidomide as an anti-cancer agent","volume":"6","author":"Kumar","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"623","article-title":"Thalidomide embryopathy: A model for the study of congenital incomitant horizontal strabismus","volume":"89","author":"Miller","year":"1991","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"132","article-title":"Thalidomide: A re-look","volume":"13","author":"Grover","year":"2000","journal-title":"Natl. Med. J. India"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.5070\/D35FK5W0QV","article-title":"A review of thalidomide\u2019s history and current dermatological applications","volume":"9","author":"Perri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.79.929.127","article-title":"Thalidomide and its derivatives: Emerging from the wilderness","volume":"79","author":"Gordon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e96","DOI":"10.1086\/517513","article-title":"Thalidomide Therapy for the Treatment of Hypertrophic Herpes Simplex Virus\u2014Related Genitalis in HIV-Infected Individuals","volume":"44","author":"Holmes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"431","article-title":"Cytokine therapy of mycobacterial infections","volume":"45","author":"Holland","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2013.06.005","article-title":"Cancer drug discovery by repurposing: Teaching new tricks to old dogs","volume":"34","author":"Gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00237-9","article-title":"The TNF and TNF receptor superfamilies: Integrating mammalian biology","volume":"104","author":"Locksley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16639","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M200360200","article-title":"NF-\u03baB as a therapeutic target in multiple myeloma","volume":"277","author":"Hideshima","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(01)00146-9","article-title":"Thalidomide in cancer","volume":"56","author":"Singhal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1179\/joc.2011.23.6.326","article-title":"Thalidomide: An old drug with new action","volume":"23","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/23.3.501","article-title":"Regression of AIDS-related Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma during therapy with thalidomide","volume":"23","author":"Howard","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"3.75","article-title":"Low-dose thalidomide in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma","volume":"3","author":"Tunio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16308-3","article-title":"Thalidomide","volume":"363","author":"Franks","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.11.026","article-title":"A double-blind randomized crossover study of oral thalidomide versus placebo for androgen dependent prostate cancer treated with intermittent androgen ablation","volume":"181","author":"Figg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"194","article-title":"Management of thalidomide toxicity","volume":"1","author":"Ghobrial","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Support. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-008-9655-9","article-title":"A phase II study of thalidomide and irinotecan for treatment of glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"90","author":"Fadul","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nou155","article-title":"Randomized phase II adjuvant factorial study of dose-dense temozolomide alone and in combination with isotretinoin, celecoxib, and\/or thalidomide for glioblastoma","volume":"17","author":"Hess","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-472X(03)00192-9","article-title":"Simvastatin induces apoptosis of B-CLL cells by activation of mitochondrial caspase 9","volume":"31","author":"Yuklea","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.411","article-title":"Statins use and the risk of all and subtype hematological malignancies: A meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"4","author":"Pradelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, X., Jia, W., Jin, Y., and Zhen, S. (2014). Statin use is associated with reduced risk of haematological malignancies: Evidence from a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087019"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-020-04157-5","article-title":"Statin use and the risk of multiple myeloma: A PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis","volume":"99","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-0962-2","article-title":"The mevalonate pathway is an actionable vulnerability of t (4; 14)-positive multiple myeloma","volume":"35","author":"Longo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1158\/2767-9764.CRC-23-0350","article-title":"Statin-induced mitochondrial priming sensitizes multiple myeloma cells to BCL2 and MCL1 inhibitors","volume":"3","author":"Juarez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.20460","article-title":"Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 in multiple myeloma: Association with reduced survival","volume":"80","author":"Cetin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4784","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-11-4201","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is frequently expressed in multiple myeloma and is an independent predictor of poor outcome","volume":"105","author":"Ladetto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"400","article-title":"Clinical significance of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in multiple myeloma","volume":"136","author":"Trojan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Swiss Med. Wkly."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2011.01.012","article-title":"Targeting apoptosis pathways by Celecoxib in cancer","volume":"332","author":"Jendrossek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200006293422603","article-title":"The effect of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in familial adenomatous polyposis","volume":"342","author":"Steinbach","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"1","article-title":"Patient Bone Marrow Aspiration to Explore the Cyclooxygenases (COXs) Involvement in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"9","author":"Scilimati","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Therap. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy, P., Sarkar, U.A., and Basak, S. (2018). The NF-\u03baB activating pathways in multiple myeloma. Biomedicines, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines6020059"},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"2636","article-title":"High expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1\/2) is associated with poor prognosis in newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma","volume":"23","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit. Int. Med. J. Exp. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H., Xiong, C., Liu, J., Sun, T., Ren, Z., Li, Y., Geng, J., and Li, X. (2020). Aspirin exerts anti-tumor effect through inhibiting Blimp1 and activating ATF4\/CHOP pathway in multiple myeloma. Biomed. Pharmacother., 125.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110005"},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"2259","article-title":"Effect of clarithromycin treatment of natural killer cell activity in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"25","author":"Sakamoto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gan Kagaku Ryoho. Cancer Chemother."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"658","article-title":"Inefficacy of clarithromycin in advanced multiple myeloma: A definitive report","volume":"87","author":"Musto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"579","article-title":"Clarithromycin (Biaxin) as primary treatment for myeloma","volume":"90","author":"Durie","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"4441","article-title":"Lack of response to short-term use of clarithromycin (BIAXIN) in multiple myeloma","volume":"93","author":"Stewart","year":"1999","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2401332","article-title":"Lack of efficacy of clarithromycin in advanced multiple myeloma","volume":"13","author":"Moreau","year":"1999","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1385\/MO:18:1:79","article-title":"Phase II trial of clarithromycin and pamidronate therapy in myeloma","volume":"18","author":"Morris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1080\/1042819021000006303","article-title":"BLT-D (clarithromycin [Biaxin], low-dose thalidomide, and dexamethasone) for the treatment of myeloma and Waldenstr\u00f6m\u2019s macroglobulinemia","volume":"43","author":"Coleman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2008.07360.x","article-title":"Clarithromycin with low dose dexamethasone and thalidomide is effective therapy in relapsed\/refractory myeloma","volume":"143","author":"Morris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-021-00490-8","article-title":"Lenalidomide and dexamethasone with or without clarithromycin in patients with multiple myeloma ineligible for autologous transplant: A randomized trial","volume":"11","author":"Puig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V85.4.863.bloodjournal854863","article-title":"Interleukin-6 in human multiple myeloma","volume":"85","author":"Klein","year":"1995","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(98)00091-0","article-title":"Effect of clarithromycin and azithromycin on production of cytokines by human monocytes","volume":"11","author":"Khan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2014.2773","article-title":"Targeting the integrated networks of aggresome formation, proteasome, and autophagy potentiates ER stress-mediated cell death in multiple myeloma cells","volume":"46","author":"Moriya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.3332\/ecancer.2020.1088","article-title":"Possible mechanisms of action of clarithromycin and its clinical application as a repurposing drug for treating multiple myeloma","volume":"14","author":"Takemori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecancermedicalscience"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.28.727","article-title":"Rapamycin (AY-22, 989), a new antifungal antibiotic II. Fermentation, isolation and characterization","volume":"28","author":"Sehgal","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.00460.x","article-title":"Rapamycin in transplantation: A review of the evidence","volume":"59","author":"Saunders","year":"2001","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3589","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.051011","article-title":"mTOR signaling at a glance","volume":"122","author":"Laplante","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)02439-7","article-title":"Sodium valproate inhibits production of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 and activation of NF-\u03baB","volume":"857","author":"Ichiyama","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Hao, C.-L., Zhang, Z.-H., Wang, L.-H., Yan, L.-N., Zhang, R.-J., Lin, L., and Yang, Y. (2020). Valproic acid increased autophagic flux in human multiple myeloma cells in vitro. Biomed. Pharmacother., 127.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110167"},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"478","article-title":"Valproic acid activates autophagy in multiple myeloma cell lines RPMI8226 and U266","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi Zhonghua Xueyexue Zazhi"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-008-0226-9","article-title":"Valproic acid exerts anti-tumor as well as anti-angiogenic effects on myeloma","volume":"89","author":"Kitazoe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2005.00063.x","article-title":"HIV-1 protease inhibitor induces growth arrest and apoptosis of human prostate cancer LNCaP cells in vitro and in vivo in conjunction with blockade of androgen receptor STAT3 and AKT signaling","volume":"96","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e353","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2012.87","article-title":"Synergistic effects of nelfinavir and bortezomib on proteotoxic death of NSCLC and multiple myeloma cells","volume":"3","author":"Kawabata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.014","article-title":"Metformin, independent of AMPK, inhibits mTORC1 in a rag GTPase-dependent manner","volume":"11","author":"Kalender","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.387","article-title":"Metformin: Multi-faceted protection against cancer","volume":"2","author":"Joven","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greaves, D., and Calle, Y. (2022). Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and Associated Invasive Adhesions in Solid and Haematological Tumours. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11040649"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noto, H., Goto, A., Tsujimoto, T., and Noda, M. (2012). Cancer risk in diabetic patients treated with metformin: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033411"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1791","article-title":"Long-term metformin use is associated with decreased risk of breast cancer","volume":"33","author":"Bodmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-017-0256-4","article-title":"Metformin exerts multitarget antileukemia activity in JAK2V617F-positive myeloproliferative neoplasms","volume":"9","author":"Fenerich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-019-0470-4","article-title":"Metformin inhibits IL-6 signaling by decreasing IL-6R expression on multiple myeloma cells","volume":"33","author":"Mishra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(14)00037-4","article-title":"Association between metformin use and progression of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance to multiple myeloma in US veterans with diabetes mellitus: A population-based retrospective cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2016.1236375","article-title":"Impact of metformin on the progression of MGUS to multiple myeloma","volume":"58","author":"Boursi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"1018","article-title":"Global gene expression profiling in mouse plasma cell tumor precursor and bystander cells reveals potential intervention targets for plasma cell neoplasia","volume":"119","author":"LeGrand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1159\/000491908","article-title":"Metformin and FTY720 synergistically induce apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells","volume":"48","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0b013e328349dc17","article-title":"Antitumor effects of bisphosphonates: From the laboratory to the clinic","volume":"5","author":"Berenson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Support. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0802633","article-title":"Giant osteoclast formation and long-term oral bisphosphonate therapy","volume":"360","author":"Weinstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41389-020-00295-7","article-title":"Diethyldithiocarbamate-copper complex (CuET) inhibits colorectal cancer progression via miR-16-5p and 15b-5p\/ALDH1A3\/PKM2 axis-mediated aerobic glycolysis pathway","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncogenesis"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000222512.25649.08","article-title":"The status of disulfiram: A half of a century later","volume":"26","author":"Suh","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kannappan, V., Ali, M., Small, B., Rajendran, G., Elzhenni, S., Taj, H., Wang, W., and Dou, Q.P. (2021). Recent advances in repurposing disulfiram and disulfiram derivatives as copper-dependent anticancer agents. Front. Mol. Biosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.741316"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, W., Wang, H., Chen, P., Shen, X., Zhang, B., Liu, J., Peng, H., and Xiao, X. (2021). Identification and characterization of multiple myeloma stem cell-like cells. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13143523"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6882","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.26885","article-title":"Disulfiram\/copper targets stem cell-like ALDH+ population of multiple myeloma by inhibition of ALDH1A1 and Hedgehog pathway","volume":"119","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2021.59.3.189","article-title":"Albendazole and mebendazole as anti-parasitic and anti-cancer agents: An update","volume":"59","author":"Chai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.11.003","article-title":"Non-mitotic effect of albendazole triggers apoptosis of human leukemia cells via SIRT3\/ROS\/p38 MAPK\/TTP axis-mediated TNF-\u03b1 upregulation","volume":"162","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/16\/13\/2381\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:07:00Z","timestamp":1760108820000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/16\/13\/2381"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"references-count":161,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers16132381"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers16132381","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]}}}