{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:23:36Z","timestamp":1791829416096,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]],"date-time":"2024-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We report the results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements of the dogs\u2019 claws and show the feasibility of using this approach for early, non-invasive cancer detection. The obtained two-dimensional XRD patterns can be described by Fourier coefficients, which were calculated for the radial and circular (angular) directions. We analyzed these coefficients using the supervised learning algorithm, which implies optimization of the random forest classifier by using samples from the training group and following the calculation of mean cancer probability per patient for the blind dataset. The proposed algorithm achieved a balanced accuracy of 85% and ROC-AUC of 0.91 for a blind group of 68 dogs. The transition from samples to patients additionally improved the ROC-AUC by 10%. The best specificity and sensitivity values for 68 patients were 97.4% and 72.4%, respectively. We also found that the structural parameter (biomarker) most important for the diagnostics is the intermolecular distance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16132422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T08:17:29Z","timestamp":1719821849000},"page":"2422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Canine Cancer Diagnostics by X-ray Diffraction of Claws"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Alekseev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Matur UK Ltd., 5 New Street Square, London EC4A 3TW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delvin","family":"Yuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arion Diagnostics, Inc., 911 Mustang Ct, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Lazarev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arion Diagnostics, Inc., 911 Mustang Ct, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daizie","family":"Labelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arion Diagnostics, Inc., 911 Mustang Ct, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lev","family":"Mourokh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Queens College of the City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Lazarev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Matur UK Ltd., 5 New Street Square, London EC4A 3TW, UK"},{"name":"Arion Diagnostics, Inc., 911 Mustang Ct, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-022114-110911","article-title":"Dogs as a Model for Cancer","volume":"4","author":"Gardner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. 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