{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T23:01:58Z","timestamp":1787785318022,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pleural mesothelioma (PM) is a rare but aggressive thoracic tumor with a poor prognosis. Multimodal treatment\u2014including induction chemotherapy, aggressive surgical resection, radiotherapy and immunotherapy in selected cases\u2014currently represents the best therapeutic option. Single-center studies advocate hyperthermic intrathoracic chemotherapy (HITHOC) during surgical resection as an additional therapeutic option, although its impact on post-operative morbidity and survival has not yet been evaluated on a larger scale. HITHOC can be applied not only in the case of mesothelioma, but also in the case of thymoma with pleural involvement or\u2014in very selected cases\u2014in patients with secondary pleural metastases. Despite favorable outcomes and reduced clinical risks, there is no uniform approach to HITHOC, and a wide variety of indications and technical applications are still reported. Based on available data, HITHOC seems to offer a clear benefit in regard to overall survival of all mesothelioma patients; however, multicenter randomized controlled trials are required to validate and standardize this approach. The aim of this review is to focus on the present role of HITHOC in thoracic tumors with pleural involvement as well as on future challenges, particularly in the light of possible combined therapy of thoracic tumors still presenting poor prognoses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16142513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T11:30:55Z","timestamp":1720697455000},"page":"2513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Role of Hyperthermic Intrathoracic Chemotherapy (HITHOC) in Thoracic Tumors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3919-8646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Danuzzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Chiara","family":"Sibilia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Vaquer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6314-8518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Cara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico Mario","family":"Cassina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidia","family":"Libretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Pirondini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Raveglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Tuoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5945-1576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Petrella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00217114","article-title":"Mortality among patients with pleural effusion undergoing thoracentesis","volume":"46","author":"DeBiasi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. 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