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As our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of myeloid malignancies expands, so too do the treatment options available to patients. Immunotherapy in myeloid malignancies, however, faces numerous challenges due to the dynamic nature of the disease, immune dysregulation, and the development of immune evasion mechanisms. This review outlines the progress made in the field of immunotherapy for myeloid malignancies, addresses its challenges, and provides insights into future directions in the field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16162780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T08:42:28Z","timestamp":1723020148000},"page":"2780","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Breaking Boundaries: Immunotherapy for Myeloid Malignancies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8262-0776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatyana","family":"Gavrilova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6672-4592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduard","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immune Deficiency\u2014Cellular Therapy Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"},{"name":"NIH Myeloid Malignancies Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Mina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immune Deficiency\u2014Cellular Therapy Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"},{"name":"NIH Myeloid Malignancies Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.14578","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Myelodysplastic Syndromes: A Review","volume":"328","author":"Sekeres","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2024.2307444","article-title":"Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) in MDS patients of older age","volume":"65","author":"Niederwieser","year":"2024","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10601","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2022-164842","article-title":"Prognostic Impact of the 2022 European Leukemia Net Risk Classification in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia Undergoing Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation","volume":"140","author":"Jentzsch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V89.6.2079","article-title":"International scoring system for evaluating prognosis in myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"89","author":"Greenberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2454","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-03-420489","article-title":"Revised International Prognostic Scoring System for Myelodysplastic Syndromes","volume":"120","author":"Greenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"2047","article-title":"Consensus proposal for revised International Working Group response criteria for higher risk myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"141","author":"Zeidan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"EVIDoa2200008","article-title":"Molecular International Prognostic Scoring System for Myelodysplastic Syndromes","volume":"1","author":"Bernard","year":"2022","journal-title":"NEJM \u00c9vid."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022015850","article-title":"International Consensus Classification of Myeloid Neoplasms and Acute Leukemias: Integrating morphologic, clinical, and genomic data","volume":"140","author":"Arber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Awada, H., Gurnari, C., Xie, Z., Bewersdorf, J.P., and Zeidan, A.M. 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