{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T21:05:48Z","timestamp":1790283948378,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interleukin-10 (IL-10) has been shown to be present at high levels in the ascites of ovarian cancer (OC) patients; however, little is known about its prognostic value. We sought to correlate IL-10 levels in ascites and sera of OC patients with clinicopathologic characteristics and oncologic outcomes. IL-10 levels and clinical data from biobanked ascites and serum samples of OC patients were evaluated. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to quantify marker performance and identify IL-10-high and IL-10-low groups. Correlations between IL-10 levels and clinicopathologic data were performed. Survival outcomes were calculated, while the factors affecting them were also investigated. A total of 106 patients had ascites samples, of which 44 serum samples were also available. Mean ascites IL-10 levels were significantly higher in patients with serous histology compared to endometrioid histology (p = 0.024). Fold-change in ascites IL-10 during treatment positively correlated with clinical response, as determined by a change in serum cancer antigen (CA)-125 levels (p = 0.0126). Median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were shorter in patients with high compared with low ascites IL-10 levels (PFS: 18 versus 60 months; p = 0.007, OS: 42 versus 85 months; p = 0.029). A significant positive correlation was seen between ascites and sera IL-10 levels (p = 0.019). In multivariable analyses, a high ascites IL-10 level was associated with a significantly worse prognosis (PFS hazard ratio (HR) = 1.93; p = 0.02). Patients with high ascites levels of IL-10 have worse outcomes, which are likely reflective of the immunosuppressive effect of IL-10. This highlights its potential role as an immunomodulator in the tumor microenvironment, leading to OC immune evasion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16162840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T05:23:27Z","timestamp":1723613007000},"page":"2840","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Ascites and Serum Interleukin-10 Levels as a Prognostic Tool for Ovarian Cancer Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1654-709X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul Adrien","family":"Guigue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research at the Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6452-9868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoav","family":"Brezinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7445-3032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amber","family":"Yasmeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maroua","family":"Mbarik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research at the Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Salvador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research at the Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susie","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research at the Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6227-6369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter Henri","family":"Gotlieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research at the Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7595-0313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melica Nourmoussavi","family":"Brodeur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research at the Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21763","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2023","volume":"73","author":"Siegel","year":"2023","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32552-2","article-title":"Epithelial ovarian cancer","volume":"393","author":"Lheureux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.01874","article-title":"Pembrolizumab in Patients with Microsatellite Instability-High Advanced Endometrial Cancer: Results From the KEYNOTE-158 Study","volume":"40","author":"Bariani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2108330","article-title":"Lenvatinib plus Pembrolizumab for Advanced Endometrial Cancer","volume":"386","author":"Makker","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2112435","article-title":"Pembrolizumab for Persistent, Recurrent, or Metastatic Cervical Cancer","volume":"385","author":"Colombo","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdz135","article-title":"Antitumor activity and safety of pembrolizumab in patients with advanced recurrent ovarian cancer: Results from the phase II KEYNOTE-100 study","volume":"30","author":"Matulonis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdl500","article-title":"Change in CA 125 levels after the first cycle of induction chemotherapy is an independent predictor of epithelial ovarian tumour outcome","volume":"18","author":"Riedinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-55617-4_3","article-title":"IL-10 Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment of Ovarian Cancer","volume":"1290","author":"Batchu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1177\/147323000703500302","article-title":"The expression of interleukin-10 in patients with primary ovarian epithelial carcinoma and in ovarian carcinoma cell lines","volume":"35","author":"Zhou","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/1043-4666(92)90082-3","article-title":"Presence of interleukin 10 (IL-10) in the ascites of patients with ovarian and other intra-abdominal cancers","volume":"4","author":"Gotlieb","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s12307-018-0215-3","article-title":"Ascites IL-10 Promotes Ovarian Cancer Cell Migration","volume":"11","author":"Lane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Microenviron."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76843","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20164","article-title":"Ascites-derived IL-6 and IL-10 synergistically expand CD14","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, R.L., Cummings, M., Thangavelu, A., Theophilou, G., de Jong, D., and Orsi, N.M. (2021). Barriers to Immunotherapy in Ovarian Cancer: Metabolic, Genomic, and Immune Perturbations in the Tumour Microenvironment. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13246231"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-011-8262-6","article-title":"Interleukin 10 in the tumor microenvironment: A target for anticancer immunotherapy","volume":"51","author":"Sato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-022-01795-1","article-title":"Recent Trends in Diagnostic Biomarkers of Tumor Microenvironment","volume":"25","author":"Siminzar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1715","article-title":"Expression of IL-10 in patients with ovarian carcinoma","volume":"26","author":"Mustea","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2014.06.006","article-title":"Comparison of ECOG\/WHO performance status and ASA score as a measure of functional status","volume":"49","author":"Young","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pain Symptom Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.annonc.a010602","article-title":"Defining progression of ovarian carcinoma during follow-up according to CA 125: A North Thames Ovary Group Study","volume":"7","author":"Rustin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-8258(92)90043-I","article-title":"Prognostic value of CA 125 in advanced ovarian cancer","volume":"44","author":"Mogensen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Page, C., Rahimi, K., K\u00f6bel, M., Tonin, P.N., Meunier, L., Portelance, L., Bernard, M., Nelson, B.H., Bernardini, M.Q., and Bartlett, J.M. (2018). Characteristics and outcome of the COEUR Canadian validation cohort for ovarian cancer biomarkers. BMC Cancer, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-4242-8"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.2174\/1871520617666170103100350","article-title":"Cytokine Status of Serum in Ovarian Cancer Patients with Different Tumor Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Response","volume":"17","author":"Antoneeva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anticancer Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-023-03616-y","article-title":"The complex role of IL-10 in malignant ascites: A review","volume":"73","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-1828","article-title":"Serum cytokine profiling as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in ovarian cancer: A potential role for interleukin 7","volume":"13","author":"Lambeck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reinartz, S., Finkernagel, F., Adhikary, T., Rohnalter, V., Schumann, T., Schober, Y., Nockher, W.A., Nist, A., Stiewe, T., and Jansen, J.M. (2016). A transcriptome-based global map of signaling pathways in the ovarian cancer microenvironment associated with clinical outcome. Genome Biol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-016-0956-6"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008301602785","article-title":"Interleukin-10 levels are often elevated in serum of adults with Hodgkin\u2019s disease and are associated with inferior failure-free survival","volume":"10","author":"Sarris","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ning, F., Cole, C.B., and Annunziata, C.M. (2020). Driving Immune Responses in the Ovarian Tumor Microenvironment. Front. Oncol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.604084"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10013","article-title":"Microfluidics-based 3D cell culture models: Utility in novel drug discovery and delivery research","volume":"1","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioeng. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6667","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-17-0740","article-title":"IL10 Release upon PD-1 Blockade Sustains Immunosuppression in Ovarian Cancer","volume":"77","author":"Lamichhane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9830","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b00967","article-title":"Local Blockade of Interleukin 10 and C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 12 with Nano-Delivery Promotes Antitumor Response in Murine Cancers","volume":"12","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.06.002","article-title":"IL-10 signalling blockade at the time of immunization inhibits Human papillomavirus 16 E7 transformed TC-1 tumour cells growth in mice","volume":"290","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/16\/16\/2840\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:36:26Z","timestamp":1760110586000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/16\/16\/2840"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers16162840"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers16162840","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]}}}