{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T05:46:46Z","timestamp":1782020806620,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive, invasive, and growth factor-independent grade IV glioma. Survival following the diagnosis is generally poor, with a median survival of approximately 15 months, and it is considered the most aggressive and lethal central nervous system tumor. Conventional treatments based on surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy only delay progression, and death is inevitable. Malignant glioma cells are resistant to traditional therapies, potentially due to a subpopulation of glioma stem cells that are invasive and capable of rapid regrowth. Methods: This is a literature review. The systematic retrieval of information was performed on PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar. Specified keywords were used in PubMed and the articles retrieved were published in peer-reviewed scientific journals and were associated with brain GBM cancer and the sodium iodide symporter (NIS). Additionally, the words \u2018radionuclide therapy OR mesenchyma, OR radioiodine OR iodine-131 OR molecular imaging OR gene therapy OR translational imaging OR targeted OR theranostic OR symporter OR virus OR solid tumor OR combined therapy OR pituitary OR plasmid AND glioblastoma OR GBM OR GB OR glioma\u2019 were also used in the appropriate literature databases of PubMed and Google Scholar. A total of 68,244 articles were found in this search on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Sodium Iodide Symporter and GBM. These articles were found till 2024. To study recent advances, a filter was added to include articles only from 2014 to 2024, duplicates were removed, and articles not related to the title were excluded. These came out to be 78 articles. From these, nine were not retrieved and only seven were selected after the removal of keyword mismatched articles. Appropriate studies were isolated, and important information from each of them was understood and entered into a database from which the information was used in this article. Results: As a result of their natural capacity to identify malignancies, MSCs are employed as tumor therapy vehicles. Because MSCs may be transplanted using several methods, they have been proposed as the ideal vehicles for NIS gene transfer. MSCs have been used as a delivery vector for anticancer drugs in many tumor models due to their capacity to move precisely to malignancies. Also, by directly injecting radiolabeled MSCs into malignant tumors, a therapeutic dosage of beta radiation may be deposited, with the added benefit that the tumor would only localize and not spread to the surrounding healthy tissues. Conclusion: The non-invasive imaging-based detection of glioma stem cells presents an alternate means to monitor the tumor and diagnose and evaluate recurrence. The sodium iodide symporter gene is a specific gene in a variety of human thyroid diseases that functions to move iodine into the cell. In recent years, an increasing number of studies related to the sodium iodide symporter gene have been reported in a variety of tumors and as therapeutic vectors for imaging and therapy. Gene therapy and nuclear medicine therapy for GBM provide a new direction. In all the preclinical studies reviewed, image-guided cell therapy led to greater survival benefits and, therefore, has the potential to be translated into techniques in glioblastoma treatment trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16162892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T10:03:12Z","timestamp":1724148192000},"page":"2892","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Image-Guided Mesenchymal Stem Cell Sodium Iodide Symporter (NIS) Radionuclide Therapy for Glioblastoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6674-1501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siddharth","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6577-4080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon","family":"Lucke-Wold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, S. (2023). Novel Therapies in Glioblastoma Treatment: Review of Glioblastoma; Current Treatment Options; and Novel Oncolytic Viral Therapies. Med. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci12010001"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.0023","article-title":"Glioblastoma and Other Primary Brain Malignancies in Adults: A Review","volume":"329","author":"Schaff","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1159\/000531319","article-title":"Glioblastoma Multiforme: The Latest Diagnostics and Treatment Techniques","volume":"108","author":"Czarnywojtek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2019.101896","article-title":"Molecular targeted therapy of glioblastoma","volume":"80","author":"Preusser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, S., Mansour, H.M., Aguilar, T.M., and Lucke-Wold, B. (2024). Advances in Anti-Cancer Drug Development: Metformin as Anti-Angiogenic Supplemental Treatment for Glioblastoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115694"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-3002","article-title":"The definition of primary and secondary glioblastoma","volume":"19","author":"Ohgaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamad, A., Yusubalieva, G.M., Baklaushev, V.P., Chumakov, P.M., and Lipatova, A.V. (2023). Recent Developments in Glioblastoma Therapy: Oncolytic Viruses and Emerging Future Strategies. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020547"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6251","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.57689","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of radioactive iodine refractoriness in differentiated thyroid cancer: Impaired sodium iodide symporter (NIS) expression owing to altered signaling pathway activity and intracellular localization of NIS","volume":"11","author":"Oh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e230373","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-23-0373","article-title":"Sodium-iodide symporter and its related solute carriers in thyroid cancer","volume":"261","author":"Gong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T193","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-21-0177","article-title":"The sodium iodide symporter (NIS): Novel applications for radionuclide imaging and treatment","volume":"28","author":"Spitzweg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr. Relat. Cancer."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2013.08.013","article-title":"The sodium\/iodide symporter: State of the art of its molecular characterization","volume":"1838","author":"Darrouzet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3727\/096368910X","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"20","author":"Ding","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-021-01208-w","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells in cancer therapy","volume":"14","author":"Lan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazini, L., Rochette, L., Admou, B., Amal, S., and Malka, G. (2020). Hopes and Limits of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells (ADSCs) and Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) in Wound Healing. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041306"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03125-1","article-title":"Biological functions of mesenchymal stem cells and clinical implications","volume":"76","author":"Naji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101684","article-title":"Research progress in the use of mesenchymal stem cells and their derived exosomes in the treatment of osteoarthritis","volume":"80","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3483","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-05-1664","article-title":"Plasticity of marrow-derived stem cells","volume":"102","author":"Herzog","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-472X(03)00042-0","article-title":"Cotransplantation of human mesenchymal stem cells enhances human myelopoiesis and megakaryocytopoiesis in NOD\/SCID mice","volume":"31","author":"Angelopoulou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S569","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181f1ff1d","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells for acute lung injury: Preclinical evidence","volume":"38","author":"Matthay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1159\/000509268","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"83","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-02990-1","article-title":"Human umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs trans-differentiate into endometrial cells and regulate Th17\/Treg balance through NF-\u03baB signaling in rabbit intrauterine adhesions endometrium","volume":"13","author":"Hua","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-020-09530-8","article-title":"Human umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs exosome attenuate myocardial injury by inhibiting ferroptosis in acute myocardial infarction mice","volume":"37","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, X., Liu, G., Halim, A., Ju, Y., Luo, Q., and Song, G. (2019). Mesenchymal Stem Cell Migration and Tissue Repair. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8080784"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"263","article-title":"Bone marrow osteogenic stem cells: In vitro cultivation and transplantation in diffusion chambers","volume":"20","author":"Friedenstein","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Kinet"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2018.05.004","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Clinical Challenges and Therapeutic Opportunities","volume":"22","author":"Galipeau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-0791-7","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: Novel frontiers in regenerative medicine","volume":"9","author":"Keshtkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3727\/096368915X686841","article-title":"Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells: A new era for stem cell therapy","volume":"24","author":"Ding","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.17-0129","article-title":"Concise Review: Multifaceted Characterization of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Use in Regenerative Medicine","volume":"6","author":"Samsonraj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2816","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells: Immune evasive, not immune privileged","volume":"32","author":"Ankrum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.17-0051","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Time to Change the Name!","volume":"6","author":"Caplan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2021.0049","article-title":"Recent Trends in Multipotent Human Mesenchymal Stem\/Stromal Cells: Learning from History and Advancing Clinical Applications","volume":"25","author":"Dzobo","year":"2021","journal-title":"OMICS"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00021.2019","article-title":"Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells: Immunomodulatory Effects and Therapeutic Potential","volume":"35","author":"Bunnell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2015.1051528","article-title":"Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells: An overview of their potential in cell-based therapy","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/7651_2018_199","article-title":"Human Synovium-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Ex Vivo Analysis","volume":"2045","author":"Zupan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okolicsanyi, R.K., Camilleri, E.T., Oikari, L.E., Yu, C., Cool, S.M., Van Wijnen, A.J., Griffiths, L.R., and Haupt, L.M. (2015). Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Retain Multilineage Differentiation Capacity Including Neural Marker Expression after Extended In Vitro Expansion. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137255"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1007\/s13577-022-00785-3","article-title":"Restoration of vascular endothelial integrity by mesenchymal stromal\/stem cells in debilitating virus diseases","volume":"35","author":"Mariappan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Cell"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8129","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S143367","article-title":"Skin-derived mesenchymal stem cells as quantum dot vehicles to tumors","volume":"12","author":"Dapkute","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2101375","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202101375","article-title":"Engineered Mesenchymal Stem Cells as a Biotherapy Platform for Targeted Photodynamic Immunotherapy of Breast Cancer","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2014.10.015","article-title":"Nano-engineered mesenchymal stem cells as targeted therapeutic carriers","volume":"196","author":"Sadhukha","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2200143","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202200143","article-title":"Tumor-Tropic Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Mediated Bi2 Se3 Nano-Radiosensitizers Delivery for Targeted Radiotherapy of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"11","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-012-2321-0","article-title":"Prospective dual role of mesenchymal stem cells in breast tumor microenvironment","volume":"137","author":"Senst","year":"2013","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golinelli, G., Talami, R., Frabetti, S., Candini, O., Grisendi, G., Spano, C., Chiavelli, C., Arnaud, G.F., Mari, G., and Dominici, M. (2022). A 3D Platform to Investigate Dynamic Cell-to-Cell Interactions Between Tumor Cells and Mesenchymal Progenitors. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.767253"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishra, V.K., Shih, H.H., Parveen, F., Lenzen, D., Ito, E., Chan, T.F., and Ke, L.Y. (2020). Identifying the Therapeutic Significance of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9051145"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1287-9","article-title":"The role of mesenchymal stem cells in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Prevention and treatment of graft-versus-host disease","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, W., Huang, L., Li, Y., Fang, B., Li, G., Chen, L., and Xu, L. (2019). Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Cancer: Clinical Challenges and Opportunities. Biomed. Res. Int., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2820853"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-78127-3_5","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Endogenous Regulators of Inflammation","volume":"1060","author":"Munir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.2174\/1574888X15666200324165655","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differentiation: Mitochondria Matter in Osteogenesis or Adipogenesis Direction","volume":"15","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2021.0094","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Potential Therapeutic Prospect of Paracrine Pathways in Neonatal Infection","volume":"41","author":"Miao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Interferon. Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-220971","article-title":"The porcine sodium\/iodide symporter gene exhibits an uncommon expression pattern related to the use of alternative splice sites not present in the human or murine species","volume":"144","author":"Watrin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2011.93","article-title":"Image-guided, tumor stroma-targeted 131I therapy of hepatocellular cancer after systemic mesenchymal stem cell-mediated NIS gene delivery","volume":"19","author":"Knoop","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.2174\/1566523023347599","article-title":"A transporter gene (sodium iodide symporter) for dual purposes in gene therapy: Imaging and therapy","volume":"2","author":"Cho","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8045","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-0893","article-title":"Long-term radioiodine retention and regression of liver cancer after sodium iodide symporter gene transfer in wistar","volume":"64","author":"Faivre","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belmar-L\u00f3pez, C., Vassaux, G., Medel-Martinez, A., Burnet, J., Quintanilla, M., Cajal, S.R.Y., Hernandez-Losa, J., De la Vieja, A., and Martin-Duque, P. (2022). Mesenchymal Stem Cells Delivery in Individuals with Different Pathologies: Multimodal Tracking, Safety and Future Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031682"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6131","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0895","article-title":"Cell surface targeting accounts for the difference in iodide uptake activity between human Na+\/I- symporter and rat Na+\/I\u2212 symporter","volume":"90","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6431","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erv356","article-title":"An Arabidopsis mitochondria-localized RRL protein mediates abscisic acid signal transduction through mitochondrial retrograde regulation involving ABI4","volume":"66","author":"Yao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4956063","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4956063","article-title":"Genetic Engineering of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Induce Their Migration and Survival","volume":"2016","author":"Nowakowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106234","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells: A promising antimicrobial therapy in veterinary medicine","volume":"182","author":"Gugjoo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704967","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/704967","article-title":"Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor supplementation in culture media for subfertile women undergoing assisted reproduction technologies: A systematic review","volume":"2013","author":"Siristatidis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-019-03109-4","article-title":"Dental mesenchymal stem cells and neuro-regeneration: A focus on spinal cord injury","volume":"379","author":"Bonaventura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.8.1257","article-title":"Brain single-photon emission computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in Machado-Joseph disease","volume":"58","author":"Etchebehere","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hade, M.D., Suire, C.N., and Suo, Z. (2021). Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: Applications in Regenerative Medicine. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10081959"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nose, N., Nogami, S., Koshino, K., Chen, X., Werner, R.A., Kashima, S., Rowe, S.P., Lapa, C., Fukuchi, K., and Higuchi, T. (2021). [18F]FDG-labelled stem cell PET imaging in different route of administrations and multiple animal species. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90383-4"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-020-01562-0","article-title":"Preclinical Characterization and In Vivo Imaging of 111In-Labeled Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"23","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Goh, E.L.K., He, J., Li, Y., Fan, Z., Yu, Z., Yuan, P., and Liu, D.X. (2023). Emerging Intrinsic Therapeutic Targets for Metastatic Breast Cancer. Biology, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12050697"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1165-5","article-title":"Stem cells: Past, present, and future","volume":"10","author":"Zakrzewski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75756","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20798","article-title":"Stem cells in cancer therapy: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"4015039","article-title":"The Immunomodulatory Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Polarization within the Tumor Microenvironment Niche","volume":"2017","author":"Shearer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szewc, M., Radzikowska-B\u0171chner, E., Wdowiak, P., Kozak, J., Kuszta, P., Niezabitowska, E., Matysiak, J., Kubi\u0144ski, K., and Mas\u0142yk, M. (2022). MSCs as Tumor-Specific Vectors for the Delivery of Anticancer Agents-A Potential Therapeutic Strategy in Cancer Diseases: Perspectives for Quinazoline Derivatives. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052745"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Attia, N., Mashal, M., Puras, G., and Pedraz, J.L. (2021). Mesenchymal Stem Cells as a Gene Delivery Tool: Promise, Problems, and Prospects. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13060843"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.4161\/cam.20875","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells in tumor development: Emerging roles and concepts","volume":"6","author":"Cuiffo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Adh. Migr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabha, B., Bharadwaj, K.K., Pati, S., Choudhury, B.K., Sarkar, T., Kari, Z.A., Edinur, H.A., Baishya, D., and Atanase, L.I. (2021). Development of Polymer-Based Nanoformulations for Glioblastoma Brain Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis: An Update. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13234114"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, C.T., Lai, R.C., Phua, V.J.X., Aw, S.E., Zhang, B., Sim, W.K., Lim, S.K., and Ng, D.C.E. (2024). Standard Radio-Iodine Labeling Protocols Impaired the Functional Integrity of Mesenchymal Stem\/Stromal Cell Exosomes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25073742"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52319","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c12971","article-title":"Hypoxia-Responsive Lipid-Polymer Nanoparticle-Combined Imaging-Guided Surgery and Multitherapy Strategies for Glioma","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-18-0185","article-title":"A Novel Approach for Image-Guided 131I Therapy of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Using Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Mediated NIS Gene Delivery","volume":"17","author":"Schug","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C654","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00509.2008","article-title":"The Na+\/I\u2212 symporter mediates active iodide uptake in the intestine","volume":"296","author":"Nicola","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"National Research Council (US) and Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Mathematics and Physics of Emerging Dynamic Biomedical Imaging (2024, August 08). Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography, Mathematics and Physics of Emerging Biomedical Imaging, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK232492\/."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2174\/156652312799789235","article-title":"The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) as an imaging reporter for gene, viral, and cell-based therapies","volume":"12","author":"Penheiter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3918","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.24997","article-title":"[18F]Tetrafluoroborate ([18F]TFB) and its analogs for PET imaging of the sodium\/iodide symporter","volume":"8","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"3","article-title":"Glioblastoma Multiforme: A Review of its Epidemiology and Pathogenesis through Clinical Presentation and Treatment","volume":"18","author":"Hanif","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gudkov, S.V., Shilyagina, N.Y., Vodeneev, V.A., and Zvyagin, A.V. (2015). Targeted Radionuclide Therapy of Human Tumors. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17010033"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2018.092","article-title":"Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Mediated Dual-Gene Therapy for Glioblastoma","volume":"30","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.36740\/Merkur202304119","article-title":"A new hypothesis in the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). PART 1: Introduction","volume":"51","author":"Czarnywojtek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pol. Merkur. Lekarski."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.36740\/Merkur202304120","article-title":"A new hypothesis in the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Part 2: Is there an alternative therapy option in recurrent GM when all standard treatments have been exhausted?","volume":"51","author":"Czarnywojtek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pol. Merkur. Lekarski."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yalamarty, S.S.K., Filipczak, N., Li, X., Subhan, A., Parveen, F., Ataide, J.A., Rajmalani, B.A., and Torchilin, V.P. (2023). Mechanisms of Resistance and Current Treatment Options for Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM). Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15072116"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3301787","article-title":"In vivo imaging and radioiodine therapy following sodium iodide symporter gene transfer in animal model of intracerebral gliomas","volume":"9","author":"Cho","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"3911","article-title":"Human sodium iodide transporter gene-mediated imaging and therapy of mouse glioma, comparison between 188Re and 131I","volume":"15","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2011.158","article-title":"Effective radiovirotherapy for malignant gliomas by using oncolytic measles virus strains encoding the sodium iodide symporter (MV-NIS)","volume":"23","author":"Opyrchal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2023.08.004","article-title":"Interleukin-6-controlled, mesenchymal stem cell-based sodium\/iodide symporter gene therapy improves survival of glioblastoma-bearing mice","volume":"30","author":"Kitzberger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Oncolytics"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2022.10.013","article-title":"Dual EGFR- and TfR-targeted gene transfer for sodium iodide symporter gene therapy of glioblastoma","volume":"27","author":"Spellerberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Oncolytics"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, Y., Ong, L.-C., Ranganath, S.H., Zheng, L., Kee, I., Zhan, W., Yu, S., Chow, P.K.H., and Wang, C.-H. (2016). A Dual Tracer 18F-FCH\/18F-FDG PET Imaging of an Orthotopic Brain Tumor Xenograft Model. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148123"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-22-1433","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell-mediated Image-guided Sodium Iodide Symporter (NIS) Gene Therapy Improves Survival of Glioblastoma-bearing Mice","volume":"29","author":"Kitzberger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cr.2019.11.001","article-title":"Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BM-MSC): A tool of cell therapy in hydatid experimentally infected rats","volume":"8","author":"Zaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Regen."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-022-00888-w","article-title":"The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) as theranostic gene: Its emerging role in new imaging modalities and non-viral gene therapy","volume":"12","author":"Kitzberger","year":"2022","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2011.01983.x","article-title":"Iodine 125-labeled mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor binding peptide-click-cRGDyk heterodimer for glioma imaging","volume":"102","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"559","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of antiglioma mesenchymal extracellular matrix 131I-radiolabeled murine monoclonal antibody in a human glioma xenograft model","volume":"48","author":"Lee","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowak, B., Rogujski, P., Janowski, M., Lukomska, B., and Andrzejewska, A. (2021). Mesenchymal stem cells in glioblastoma therapy and progression: How one cell does it all. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev Cancer., 1876.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2021.188582"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2021.10.011","article-title":"Selective sodium iodide symporter (NIS) genetherapy of glioblastoma mediatedby EGFR-targeted lipopolyplexes","volume":"23","author":"Spellerberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Oncolytics"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000988","article-title":"T cell dysfunction in glioblastoma: A barrier and an opportunity for the development of successful immunotherapies","volume":"34","author":"Jansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/16\/16\/2892\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:39:50Z","timestamp":1760110790000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/16\/16\/2892"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers16162892"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers16162892","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]}}}