{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T16:55:05Z","timestamp":1791046505964,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RC-2024-2790092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC-2024-2790092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, liquid biopsy has emerged as a promising alternative to the bone marrow (BM) examination, since it is a minimally invasive technique allowing serial monitoring. Circulating multiple myeloma cells (CMMCs) enumerated using CELLSEARCH\u00ae were correlated with patients\u2019 prognosis and measured under treatment to assess their role in monitoring disease dynamics. Forty-four MM and seven smouldering MM (SMM) patients were studied. The CMMC medians at diagnosis were 349 (1 to 39,940) and 327 (range 22\u20132463) for MM and SMM, respectively. In the MM patients, the CMMC count was correlated with serum albumin, calcium, \u03b22-microglobulin, and monoclonal components (p &lt; 0.04). Under therapy, the CMMCs were consistently detectable in 15\/40 patients (coMMstant = 1) and were undetectable or decreasing in 25\/40 patients (coMMstant = 0). High-quality response rates were lower in the coMMstant = 1 group (p = 0.04), with a 7.8-fold higher risk of death (p = 0.039), suggesting that continuous CMMC release is correlated with poor responses. In four MM patients, a single-cell DNA sequencing analysis on residual CMMCs confirmed the genomic pattern of the aberrations observed in the BM samples, also highlighting the presence of emerging clones. The CMMC kinetics during treatment were used to separate the patients into two subgroups based on the coMMstant index, with different responses and survival probabilities, providing evidence that CMMC persistence is associated with a poor disease course.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16172929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T12:38:43Z","timestamp":1724416723000},"page":"2929","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Circulating Multiple Myeloma Cells (CMMCs) as Prognostic and Predictive Markers in Multiple Myeloma and Smouldering MM Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5491-1315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Vigliotta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Istituto di Ematologia \u201cSer\u00e0gnoli\u201d, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4828-6955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenza","family":"Solli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6690-2590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Armuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8196-8707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Martello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0753-1248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Poletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Taurisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignazia","family":"Pistis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Istituto di Ematologia \u201cSer\u00e0gnoli\u201d, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7387-3406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaia","family":"Mazzocchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3314-0037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrica","family":"Borsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Istituto di Ematologia \u201cSer\u00e0gnoli\u201d, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Pantani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Istituto di Ematologia \u201cSer\u00e0gnoli\u201d, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Marzocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicoletta","family":"Testoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Istituto di Ematologia \u201cSer\u00e0gnoli\u201d, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1422-7305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Zamagni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Istituto di Ematologia \u201cSer\u00e0gnoli\u201d, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Terracciano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menarini Silicon Biosystems SpA, Via Giuseppe di Vittorio, Castel Maggiore, 40013 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Tononi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menarini Silicon Biosystems SpA, Via Giuseppe di Vittorio, Castel Maggiore, 40013 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Garonzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menarini Silicon Biosystems SpA, Via Giuseppe di Vittorio, Castel Maggiore, 40013 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8452-3380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Ferrarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menarini 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Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Istituto di Ematologia \u201cSer\u00e0gnoli\u201d, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-014-2211-0","article-title":"Multiple myeloma patients with low proportion of circulating plasma cells had similar survival with primary plasma cell leukemia patients","volume":"94","author":"An","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. 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