{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T12:15:07Z","timestamp":1791375307165,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple myeloma is a heterogeneous condition characterized by the proliferation of monoclonal B-cells, for which there is currently no curative treatment available. Relapses are, unfortunately, common after first-line treatment. While the prognosis for relapsed refractory multiple myeloma is generally poor, advances in the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma offer hope. However, the expansion of effective options in targeted treatment offers renewed optimism and hope that patients who fail on older therapies may respond to newer modalities, which are often used in combination. We review currently approved and novel investigational agents classified by mechanisms of action, efficacy, approved setting, and adverse events. We delve into future directions of treatment for relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma, reviewing novel agents and therapeutic targets for the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16172931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T12:38:43Z","timestamp":1724416723000},"page":"2931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Updates on Therapeutic Strategies in the Treatment of Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Deevyashali S.","family":"Parekh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun Kyoung Ryu","family":"Tiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers Cancer Institute, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5039-6013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin Tony","family":"Jamouss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Baystate Campus, Springfield, MA 01107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Hassani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Baystate Campus, Springfield, MA 01107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maroun","family":"Bou Zerdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2739-2265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahzad","family":"Raza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411321","article-title":"Carfilzomib, Lenalidomide, and Dexamethasone for Relapsed Multiple Myeloma","volume":"372","author":"Stewart","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. 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